Women's empowerment over recreation and travel expenditures in Pakistan: Prevalence and determinants (original) (raw)
Related papers
2023
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of international tourism, female literacy, female participation rate, gender disparity in health, women's access to finance, and economic growth on women's empowerment in Pakistan. The analysis is conducted using data from the period spanning 1975 to 2020. The findings of the study reveal that international tourism plays a significant role in promoting women's empowerment. However, gender disparity in health, education, access to finance, and economic growth hinders women's empowerment in the country. Consequently, it is crucial for the government to focus on reducing gender disparities in health to empower women effectively. Furthermore, the government should create more opportunities for women to participate in the financial market, as this can contribute to improving their livelihoods. Efforts should be made to attract more foreign visitors to the country, as this can generate additional revenue and foster women's empowerment, particularly in tourist destinations.
Contextual Assessment of Women Empowerment and Its Determinants: Evidence from Pakistan
2011
The main objective of this study is to evaluate women empowerment in different contexts of family planning and economic decision making within the household. Further this paper investigates its appropriate determinants sifting through sociology resource control theory and economic bargaining theory by controlling for socio-cultural intervening factors. We examine this empirically by utilizing extensive micro level data information (15,453 households) from 'Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey' (PSLM) for the year of 2005-06. Results suggest the presence of highly constrained and largely dichotomous empowerment within the household. Interestingly, we find that the number of children however not the sex of a child relevant in enhancing women's empowerment. Further, the common determinants of empowerment depict varying degree of effectiveness depending on the specific context of empowerment. Moreover, socio-economic, level of education and employment status of a woman depict as effect modifier factors across the empowerment contexts and regions. Furthermore, geographic divisions within Pakistan, significantly explain the contextual empowerment of women. JEL Codes: C42, Z13
2005
Developing countries are increasingly concerned about gender dimensions of the impacts of economic reforms initiated under structural adjustment and stabilization programmes. This article develops a gendered Computable General Equilibrium model based on the notions of production in paid economy and unpaid care economy pioneered by Fontana and Wood and applies it to Pakistan. The study assesses the impact of two types of shocks: trade liberalisation and fiscal adjustment. Results support the contention that trade liberalisation in the presence of compensatory measure over burden women but reduces income-based poverty by all measures. In all other exercises employment in market sectors reduces. The study concludes that despite changes in structure of market employment, gender division of labour remains unequal within household economy.
Consumption Patterns of Male and Female Headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from PSLM 2007-08
The Pakistan Development Review
Recent years have witnessed growing interest in analysing the welfare outcomes of female headed households (FHHs) in the developing world. The theoretical argument for examining female headship and family welfare is underpinned by two important considerations. The first concerns households’ access to resources, while the second pertains to control over the allocation of resources within the household [DeGraff and Bilsborrow (1993)]. A priori female headed households are expected to have access to a lower level of resources than the conventional male-headed households for a variety of reasons.1 However, this lower resource envelop experienced by female headed households may be partially offset by the way resources are allocated within such households. Several studies have revealed that resources under the control of women are more likely to be allocated for productive purposes that promote family welfare as compared to resource allocation under the control of men. In the context of P...
The Relationship between the Empowerment of Women and Preferences Related to Fertility in Pakistan
Journal of Social Economics Research
This study examines the relationship between women's empowerment and reproductive choices among married Pakistani women aged 15 to 49. The study utilized the most recent Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 data. Four proxies were used to measure women's empowerment: spending on husbands' earnings, visits to family, major family purchases, and health care decisions. Health care choices and spending on the husband's salary are both greatly influenced by fertility. Binary logistic regression reveals a substantial and unfavorable link in connection with empowerment and the various education levels of children, males, and spouses. By focusing on this topic, this study can see beyond the constraints that currently exist in the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility preferences. The findings of this study suggest that female participation in the labor force is essential to preserving balanced reproduction and decision-making regarding the home.
Background: Current research focuses primarily on women's autonomy in decision making while little attention is paid to their freedom of expression. Socioeconomic & socio-demographic factors affect women's autonomy in decision making. In the developing countries, particularly in Pakistan, although women are making significant financial contributions but they are still under collective decisions of husband and other family members while sometimes they are blindly relying on husband's decision. Objective of study was to find out association of women's autonomy in decision making & socioeconomic factors. Method: Cross sectional survey was conducted in Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir on married working women (N = 500). The data consist of women's three decisions: birth control decision, financial decision and freedom of expression. A number of socio-demographic variables were used in chi-square analysis to examine the association of these variables with the said decisions. Results: Age, residence, education, professional differences, job nature, monthly income of married women are positively associated with autonomy in decision making. 59% women of above 30 years age exercise independence in birth control decisions (p value 0.02). Urban women (96%) are more likely to be autonomous in birth control decision than women from rural areas (p value 0.00). Educational attainment effects women autonomy as professionally qualified women (87.2%) are more independent in birth control decisions, independent in spending income (86.5%), having freedom of expression (55.4%). Furthermore women living in nuclear families exercise more independence in birth control decisions (77.2), income spending decisions (76) and enjoy more freedom of expression (56.2). Women working in government sector have independence in birth control (71), financial decisions (70.4), and freedom of expression (52.4%) with p value 0.00. Women earning salary of above 20,000 enjoy autonomy in birth control decisions (87.5%), financial decisions (87.2%), freedom of expression (57.4) with p value 0.00.
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN INFLUENCING FAMILY STRUCTURES
A Q u a r t e r l y D o u b l e -B l i n d P e e r R e v i e w e d R e f e r e e d O p e n A c c e s s I n t e r n a t i o n a l e -J o u r n a l -I n c l u d e d i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e r i a l D i r e c t o r i e s I n d e x e d & L i s t e d a t : U l r i c h ' s P e r i o d i c a l s D i r e c t o r y © , U . S .
Domestic lives of Pakistani women
2011
Survey research has a role to play in providing Muslim women with a public voice where custom and culture do not permit them their own. It can be used to inform and shape empowerment policies from the perspective of each population. The Women In Muslim Countries (WIMC) Study is designed to measure women’s empowerment in actual daily practice, providing a deep look into the oft-perceived gap between current public policy and empowerment initiatives and actual practice on the personal and local level. The answers are intended to yield a metric for promoting excellence in public policy by informing policymakers on women’s attitudes about the affects of policy initiatives, as well as a measure of the degree of effectiveness of those policies. The survey explores several issues Pakistani women are faced with which merit consideration when making policy. Notable matters include employment status, education, the protection of the rights afforded under the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) within shari’a as well as the ramifications of poverty.
Women’s Control Over Economic Resources Effect to Family Welfare
JEJAK
Within the framework of neo-classical analysis, each individual is assumed homogeneous. However, homogeneity assumption becomes incompatible when discussing human behavior. Latest literatures conclude that men and women allocated resources under their control in different ways systematically. This study was intended to see whether there is an increase in the household’s welfare if the head of household is a women and granted credit access to financial institutions. Women’s access to all financial services, is essential to allow them to benefit fully from economic opportunities. The data used came from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) for two last waves (IFLS 2007 and 2014). Analyses were performed using fixed effect model to overcome the unobserved heterogeneity, especially in terms of the individual character. The results indicated that the credit received by the female head of households can significantly increase household income. These results support the policy of incre...
Are urban women empowered in Pakistan? A study from a metropolitan city
Women's Studies International Forum, 2020
This study investigated the empowerment status of urban women in Pakistan using a multidimensional approach in Lahorea metropolitan city. Analysis of survey data of 260 women revealed that around two-thirds of women were not empowered. Three dimensions of women's empowerment (WE)control over resources, mobility and participation in household decision making are relatively weak. A significant proportion of women (49%) did not have control over spending of family savings. A majority of them (70-85%) neither had ownership rights of fixed property (i.e. land and house) nor control over its sale. Around 80% and 55% of women had constrained mobility respectively to financial institutions, and friends (out of city). Moreover, a majority of them did not have participation in household decisions on investment of family savings and purchase of fixed property (i.e. land and house), and availing of financial services. Study also revealed that single women are less empowered compared to married women. Likewise, women with salaried employment were also less empowered than nonworking women. Based on findings, the study suggested some key recommendations on women's property rights, improving their role in household decision making, ensuring women friendly workplace environment, and public awareness campaigns through media and academic curricula. It is also highlights that WE is not only key to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-5, but can also contribute to achieve several other SDGs.