13-atom metallic clusters studied by density functional theory: Dependence on exchange-correlation approximations and pseudopotentials (original) (raw)

In this study, the 13-atom cluster structures of alkaline metals, alkaline-earth metals, boron group metals, carbon group metals, and 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals in the periodic table are investigated by density functional theory with three kinds of exchange-correlation ͑XC͒ functionals: ͑i͒ local-density approximation ͑LDA͒; ͑ii͒ generalized gradient approximation ͑GGA͒ with Perdew-Wang 91; and ͑iii͒ generalized gradient approximation with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof. The dependence on pseudopotentials ͑PPs͒ with and without semicore electrons is also examined. The relative energies of five selected high-symmetry three-dimensional and four low-symmetry layer-type isomers for each element of interest are calculated and studied. Among the 44 metallic 13-atom clusters, our results show that the two GGA XC functionals have a great consistency; LDA and GGA results also reveal a great consistency, apart from the Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Rh 13-atom clusters, for which the results show a significant difference. Meanwhile, for most of the elements, the calculations with and without semicore PPs also produce consistent results, except for Cr, Mo, and V, which require a careful treatment of semicore states in the PPs.