Effect of dietary protein levels, sex and age on tibiae charateristics in two strains of broiler chickens (original) (raw)
Related papers
Poultry Science, 1999
Skeletal problems are common in both young and old poultry and are often related to bone weakness. They affect mortality on the farm and condemnations within processing plant and thus raise both welfare and economic concerns. To understand the basis of bone strength, the metaphyseal histology, composition, and the biomechanical properties of tibiae from 7-and 72-wk-old male and female broiler breeder chickens were compared. The biochemical constituents included ash, collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), pyridinium crosslinks, and the organic matrix-associated fluorescence. Blood variables were measured to determine the metabolic status of these birds as related to bone physiology. Although there were no differences in blood chemistry of 7-wk-old males and females, there were several differences between young and old birds. The levels of calcium, triglyceride, and iron were higher in older females than in older males. The collagen content was reduced, and the proteoglycan content increased in 72-wk-old hens. The TGF-b content of bones from 7-wk-old females was higher than that of other groups of birds. Bone strength and stiffness, measured using loads at break and Young's modulus, respectively, were higher in older birds. The presence of medullary bones in 72-wk-old hens did not affect their bone strength, although it reduced strain values and increased Young's modulus. Compared to other groups, the 72-wk-old hens had a higher content of an inorganic matrix. The levels of hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP) and the collagenase-extractable fluorescence of the organic matrix from older birds was higher. The decalcified bone matrix from older birds also showed higher susceptibility to bacterial collagenase than their younger counterparts. Bone strength showed positive correlations with its ash content, density, pyridinium crosslinks, and the fluorescence of the matrix. However, the correlation was strong with both pyridinium crosslinks and the fluorescence of the organic matrix. These results suggest that bone strength is influenced by the content of its collagen crosslinks.
Journal of Poultry Science, 2015
The effects of supplemental protein source, and amino acid (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) densities in the diets of broilers on their growth performance and intestinal development were reported in companion studies. The effects of protein source, and AA and AME densities on the tibias of male Ross×Ross 708 broiler chicks were investigated in the current study. A completely randomized block design with a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was applied (10 blocks, 8 treatments/block, 14 chicks/pen). Diets fed from 8 to 21 days of age (d) were formulated to contain two protein sources [high inclusion of distiller's dried grains with solubles diet (hDDGS) or high inclusion of meat and bone meal diet (hMBM)], two AA densities (moderate or high) and two AME densities (moderate or high). Tibias from 2 chicks/pen at 21 d were sampled. Chicks fed a high AA diet exhibited longer tibias than did chicks fed a moderate AA diet. Chicks fed hDDGS diets with a high AME density exhibited larger tibia circumferences as compared to those fed hMBM diets with a high AME density. Dietary treatment did not affect tibia breaking strength, ash content, or calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, and magnesium concentrations in the tibia. Because feeding chicks high AME diets increased their BW, the weights of their tibia, and tibial calcium and phosphorus weights relative to BW were decreased. In birds fed high AA diets, the feeding of hMBM diets improved tibia breaking strength relative to BW when compared to the feeding of hDDGS diets. In conclusion, either hDDGS or hMBM diets can be fed to male broilers from 8 to 21 d without affecting mineral deposition in their tibias. In addition, high AME diets may improve broiler BW without affecting tibia strength.
Bone mineral density of tibae and femura of broiler breeders: growth, development and production
Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2006
The aim of this study was to follow-up the physiological variations in the development of the bone tissue, associating them with the egg production curve. This study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty-three families of Ross broiler breeders were used, each family consisting of 13 females and 1 male, distributed in 23 pens of 5.0m² each. The management was that recommended by the genetic company manual (Agroceres Ross, 2003), with daily feeding until 6 th week of age; and birds were fed according to a 5:2 schedule (5 days fed, 2 days of fasting) between 7 and 17 weeks of age, returning to daily feeding starting at 18 weeks of age. Birds did not receive afternoon calcium supplementation. On the fourth week of rearing, 84 females were removed for bone analyses of the right tibia and femur, using optical densitometry in radiographic images technique. These analyses were sequentially carried out in 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 35, 42, 47, and 52 week-old birds. The egg production curve of the birds was followedup and associated to bone mineral density results. For bone mineral density evaluation (BMD) birds were divided by weight categories as light, intermediate, or heavy within each data age. BMD values of the tibias were not influenced by weight range, but by the age at collection. On the other hand, interactions were found among femur BMD values and weight and age categories. There was no correlation between eggshell quality and femur BMD. A negative correlation (-0.15) was observed between tibia BMD and eggshell percentage. It was possible to conclude that the egg production has little influence on bone mineral density of the birds probably because there was no need of bone mineral mobilization during the production period, since the observed egg production was below that observed under commercial conditions.
Bone mineral density of the tibia and femur of broiler breeders
The aim of this study was to follow-up the physiological variations in the development of the bone tissue, associating them with the egg production curve. This study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty-three families of Ross broiler breeders were used, each family consisting of 13 females and 1 male, distributed in 23 pens of 5.0m² each. The management was that recommended by the genetic company manual (Agroceres Ross, 2003), with daily feeding until 6 th week of age; and birds were fed according to a 5:2 schedule (5 days fed, 2 days of fasting) between 7 and 17 weeks of age, returning to daily feeding starting at 18 weeks of age. The birds did not receive afternoon calcium supplementation. On the fourth week of rearing, 84 females were removed for bone analyses of the right tibia and femur, using optical densitometry in radiographic images technique. These analyses were sequentially carried out in 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 35, 42, 47, and 52 week-old birds. .The egg production curve of the birds was followed-up and associated to bone mineral density results. For bone mineral density evaluation (BMD) birds were divided by weight categories as light, intermediate, or heavy within each data age. BMD values of the tibias were not influenced by weight range, but by the age at collection. On the other hand, interactions were found among femur BMD values and weight and age categories. There was no correlation between eggshell quality and femur BMD. A negative correlation (-0.15) was observed between tibia BMD and eggshell percentage. It was possible to conclude that the egg production has little influence on bone mineral density of the birds probably because there was no need of bone mineral mobilization during the production period, since the observed egg production was similar to that observed under commercial conditions.
Effect of strain and age on bone integrity of commercial broiler chickens
Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2016
Skeletal disorders and leg problems cause varying degree of economic losses in broiler birds. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of strain and age on bone integrity of some broiler strains available to poultry farmers in Nigeria using morphometric and mechanical indices. Four hundred (400) oneday old chicks comprising of 100 each of Arbor Acre (AA), Hubbard (HB), Marshal R (MR) and Marshal Y (MY) strains were raised for a period of 42 days. The birds were fed similar diet at the starter and finisher phases. At the end of each week, 4 birds were randomly selected from each of the group and sacrificed, femur and tibiotarsal (left and right) bones were obtained from each of the bird for analyses.
Amino Acid Profile of Protein from Pelvic Limb Long Bones of Broiler Chickens
Acta Veterinaria Brno, 2009
The objective of the study was to determine the amino acid profile in protein from long bones of the pelvic limb (femur, tibiotarsus) in ROSS 308 hybrid broiler chickens, and to examine whether it is sex-dependent.The study material was obtained from 120 Ross 308 broiler chickens (60 males and 60 females) at the end of the fattening (40 days of age). The average weight of birds was 2 694 ± 32.6 g for cockerels and 2 345 ± 23.9 g for pullets. The study birds did not show any clinical signs of leg diseases. The long bones of the right pelvic limbs (femur and tibiotarsus) were collected after bird slaughter and after removal of soft tissues, they were used for laboratory analyses. The crude protein content and the amino acid (AA) composition were determined and the obtained values were recalculated to 100% dry matter. The chemical score (CS) and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) were calculated for each AA. As a standard, the hen egg ovalbumin was used. The crude protein content in 100% dry matter shows that the content of crude protein was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) in the femur (405.3 ± 17.21 g/kg) compared to the tibiotarsus (393.5 ± 12.68 g/kg). The same trends were found with regard to sex. Both males and females had significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher crude protein content in the femur (406.6 ± 19.34 g/kg and 404.1 ± 15.09 g/kg, respectively) than in the tibiotarsus (395.0 ± 12.16 g/kg and 392.1 ± 13.21 g/kg, respectively). Both bones showed the highest contents of Gly, Glu and Pro, and the lowest contents of Met, Tyr and His. The same trends were found with regard to chicken sex. Collagenous protein has lower contents of most AA in comparison to the standard protein-ovalbumin; especially contents of Ser, Val, Met, Ileu and Phe are substantially lower. On the other hand, collagenous protein had higher contents of Gly, Pro, His and Arg. The collagenous protein EAAI for the femur and the tibiotarsus was 59.0% and 57.4%, respectively. The knowledge of amino acid composition in protein from long bones of the pelvic limb in broiler chickens is important because it can help us understand the origin of bone disorders. Femur, tibiotarsus, crude protein, chemical score, essentials amino acid index
Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
The poultry industry is considered potent for the economy of any country because chicken production is an important food source now-a-days. However, skeletal abnormalities are one of the major contributing factors to production loss. For decades researchers are trying to make contributions for the diagnosis of these problems effectively and are giving suggestions for the improvement in their skeletal deficiencies. Bone structural and metabolic disturbances (like tibial dyschondroplasia, osteoporosis and osteoarthrosis) are common in broiler chickens and have emerged in past few years. Due to fast growth and high leg to body weight ratio bone suffers excessive stress and loses the strength. Such conditions are manifested with a tendency for fracture. Understanding of bone quality provides deep information of the mechanical and functional aspects of bone tissues. The measurements of the bone strength can be performed with some methods, like the geometrical indices, radiographic or dua...
Densitometric and biochemical values of broiler tibias at different ages
Poultry Science, 2009
The objective of this experiment was to determine the normal values of bone radiographic density (BRD) by using the optical densitometry in radiographic images and the biochemical values represented by serum calcium, ash percentage, and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) from tibia ash of Cobb broilers at 8, 22, and 43 d of age. A total of 14 broilers were used for densitometric analysis, and 15 were used for biochemical dosages. The BRD values increased (P < 0.05) with age and in all tibia regions (proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis), concluding that growth was a determinative factor for bone performance, demanding a higher BRD during broiler development. Tibia proximal epiphysis presented higher BRD values in relation to the other bone regions (P < 0.05), as a result of a possible biomechanical adaptation to ligaments and tension of the muscle tendons at this region, allowing the support of the muscle mass increase. The serum calcium values were kept constant, as a result of the appropriate nutritional levels of the diet that supported the animal homeostasis. The bone ash and mineral percentage increased (P < 0.05) at 22 d of age, due to the higher mineral requirement in this age. The correlation between bone densitometry and the invasive techniques showed that the bone densitometry can substitute the determination of mineral percentage in the ash. This experiment presented normal values of the noninvasive and invasive methods more used in aviculture, allowing us to compare, subsequently, pathological and physiological values or results of broilers fed with different diets.
1. The purpose of the present study was to develop a feeding method for producing an increased size of the hind limb part of chickens, of a darker colour, using different nutritional regimes. In experiment 1, chicks were reared with 4 feeds of different nutritional levels up to post.hatching 21 days. 2. Carcass weight differed by 2.4 times between the largest and the smallest group effects. In the smallest chicks the percentages of the hind limb relative to the wing for both the total weight and muscle weight were 93%, much larger than the 82.86% and 77.83%, respectively, in the other chick groups. A greater depression of the wing development was observed in the smallest chicks. 3. In experiment 2, broilers were reared under different nutritional regimes during the early period of 0 to 21 days of age, and then the later period of 22 to 80 days of age. The largest carcass weight was observed in the conventionally fed broilers, followed by the broilers with a compensatory growth in th...
Bone mineral density and bone quality characteristics of broiler breeders
2006
This study was carried out at the facilities of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil, with the aim of evaluating bone quality of broiler breeders. Twenty-three Ross broiler breeder families were used. In the beginning of the study each family consisted of 13 females and 1 male distributed in 23 pens of 5.0m² each, and at the end of the study the average number of females per pen was of 9.34. The management used was that recommended by the genetic company . On the fourth week of rearing, 84 females removed for bone analyses of the right tibia and femur, using the technique of optical densitometry in radiographic images. These analyses were sequentially carried out in 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 35, 42, 47, and 52 week-old birds. After each radiographic collection, five birds were slaughtered, and the removed tibiae and femura were submitted to analyses to determine fat-free dry matter, bone strength, and Seedor index . Eggs of the studied birds were collected with aid of nest traps in the same week of radiographic collections. Therefore, it was possible to establish correlations between bone quality and eggshell quality of these birds. There were correlations among bone quality characteristics, but no correlations were between bone quality and external egg quality. Hence, it was concluded there was no effect of egg production on bone quality, probably because there was no need to mobilize the studied bone minerals.