Anti-Toxoplasma Activities of Zea Mays and Eryngium Caucasicum Extracts, In Vitro and In Vivo (original) (raw)
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Anti-Toxoplasma Activities of Some Egyptian Plant Extracts: An In Vitro Study
Acta Parasitologica
Purpose Toxoplasmosis is a globally widespread parasitic disease which causes major health problems in human and animals. This research was conducted to assess the effect of some Egyptian herbal extracts against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites in vitro. Methods The methanol extracts of Withania somnifera, Cyper rotundus, Acacia nilotica,Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium, Anethum graveolens, Raphanus sativus, Ceratonia siliqua, Elettaria cardamomum and Cuminum cyminum were tested against T. gondii tachyzoites. Results Among the tested plants, the extracts from Raphanus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, and Ceratonia siliqua exhibited high anti-Toxoplasma activities at 50 µg/ml, relative to sulfadiazine. They showed low IC50 values on T. gondii (7.92, 9.47 and 13.52 µg/ml, respectively) and high selectivity index values (100.79, 59.19, and 29.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings indicated evident morphological changes in tachyzoites treated with these three h...
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
Nowadays, herbal extracts are considered to be a potential source for developing new drugs that will overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. This study was aimed to explore the efficacy of several Egyptian plant extracts against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro for future development of a new, safe, and effective compound for T. gondii. Methanol extracts from Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Laurus nobilis, Citrullus colocynthis, Cinnamum camphora, Boswellia scara, and Melissa officionalis plants and oil extracts (either essential or fixed oils) of some plants such as: lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), marjoram (Origanum majorana), watercress (Nasturtium officionale), wheat germ (Triticum aestivum), sesame (Sesamum indicum), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), clove (Syzygum aromaticum), jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis), and basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated for their anti-Toxoplasma activities. The methanol extracts from C. colocynthis and L. nobilis and the oil extracts from lemon grass and marjoram were active against T. gondii with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) of 22.86 µg/ml, 31.35 µg/ml, 4.6 µg/ml, and 26.24 µg/ml, respectively. Their selectivity index (SI) values were <10. Interestingly, the methanol extract from M. chamomilla and oil from citronella had the lowest IC 50 values for T. gondii (3.56 µg/ml and 2.54 µg/ml, respectively) and the highest SI values (130.33 and 15.02, respectively). In conclusion, methanol extract from M. chamomilla and oil from citronella might be potential sources of novel therapies for treating toxoplasmosis.
A Brief Insight on Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Activity of Some Medicinal Plants
2014
The treatment of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection accentuates the problem of the limited effectiveness of the available anti-parasitic agents and their side effects and also, the potential appearance of resistant Toxoplasma strains. Thus, the search of the newer and more effective drugs is needed. This study aimed to review the efficacy of some herbal plants extracts on T. gondii infection, in an attempt to overcome the side effects of hazardous drugs. It was found that many herbal plants extracts exhibit anti-Toxoplasma activity including Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale, Myrrh, Piper nigrum, Capsicum frutescens, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica (neem) and Melia azedarach. However, their efficacies in human toxoplasmosis remain to be confirmed in clinical trials. The use of such medicinal plants extracts has a more beneficial effect in prophylaxis as well as treatment of this protozoan infection through being safer, acceptable, affordable, culturally compatible, widely available at low cost and suitable for treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis.
Efficacy and Safety of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential Oil against Acute Toxoplasmosis in Mice
Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 2020
Background: Broad spectrums of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity have been attributed to Zataria multiflora Boiss (Laminaceae). The in vivo efficacy and safety of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZM-EO) were evaluated against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Sarcocystidae) in mice. Methods: Z. multiflora (aerial parts) was obtained from the rural districts of Kerman city (Kerman Province) Southwestern Iran, in May of 2016. Male NMRI mice were orally treated with normal saline (control group) and ZM-EO at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg once a day for 14 d (8 mice in each group). On the 15 th day, the mice were infected with 10 4 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain by intraperitoneal route. The mortality rate and parasite load were determined in the infected mice. Additionally, 24 mice were applied to examine the sub-acute toxicity of ZM-EO at the above doses after treatment during 14 d. Results: GC/MS analysis displayed that the key constituents were thymol (45.4%), carvacrol (23%) and p-cymene (10.6%), respectively. Overall, 100% mortality was observed on the 8 th and 9 th days in treated mice with the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg, respectively. The mean number of tachyzoites in the mice treated with 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg of ZM-EO were 189×10 4 and 76×10 4 cell/mL, respectively, meaningfully (P<0.05) reduced compared with the control mice. Results also demonstrated that ZM-EO had no important toxicity on mice. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the efficacy of ZM-EO against acute toxoplasmosis. Nevertheless, supplementary surveys are mandatory to examine its precise effects, mainly immunomodulatory effect on toxoplasmosis.
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis
2020
Since thousands of years natural products have played a very important role in health care and in prevention of disease. To evaluate the anti-microbial & antidiabetic activities of leaf extracts (chloroform and methanol) of ixora chinensis. A complete literature survey of ixora chinensis revealed that most of the activities reported on leaves and flowers were anti-oxidants, anticancer, anti-microbial activities. For preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts, we performed tests for alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, proteins and steroids. From this study, we can conclusively state that methanol, chloroform leaf extracts of Ixora chinensis has anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-microbial activity. These results support the use of the plant in folk medicine to manage microbial infections, diabetics and other related diseases.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines, 2017
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread zoonotic protozoan that infects approximately one third of the global human population and all other warm-blooded animals. The present study aims to evaluate the prophylactic effects of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) on infected mice with acute toxoplasmosis. Materials and Methods: The components of the SKEO were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). To evaluate the prophylactic effects of SKEO, mice were divided into four groups. (i) non-treated group, (ii) mice treated with olive oil once a day for two weeks, (iii) mice treated with SKEO at the dose of 0.2ml/kg once a day for two weeks, (iv) and mice orally treated with SKEO at the dose of 0.3 ml/kg once a day for two weeks. After 24 h (fifteenth day) mice in the groups of two-four were infected intraperitonealy with 10-4 tachyzoite of T. gondii, RH strain. The mortality rate in all infected mice and the number of tachyzoites from infected mice were recorded. Results: The main components of SKEO were carvacrol (78.8%), thymol (7.5%), and beta-Bisabolene (1.2%). Findings of prophylactic effects revealed that mortality rate of infected mice was 8 days after oral administration of SKEO at the concentration of 0.2 and 0.3ml/kg (P<0.05). In contrast, this value for control group was 5 days. In addition, SKEO significantly reduced the mean number of tachyzoites compared with control group (P<0.05). No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the clinical chemistry and hematological parameters following oral administrations of SKEO at the doses of 0.2 and 0.3 ml/kg for 14 days. Conclusion: The results showed the potential of SKEO as a natural source for the production of new prophylactic agent for use in toxoplasmosis.
Activity of Green Algae Extracts against Toxoplasma gondii
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoa of economic significance in livestock. Infected livestock meat and products act as a source of T. gondii infection in humans. Current drugs against T. gondii are limited by hypersensitivity and toxicity, and are not effective against the encysted bradyzoite stage of T. gondii. Thus, there is urgent need for safe and effective therapeutic agents against T. gondii. Marine algae possess potent antifungal and antibacterial properties, but there are no reports on its anti-protozoal activity. Therefore, in this study we obtained nhexane and methanol extracts of green algae (Chlorophyceae) and analyzed their content by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, as well as tested their in vitro anti-Toxoplasma activities. Compared to the n-hexane extract of Chlorophyceae, the methanol extract contained higher content of flavonoids/ polyphenols, alkaloids (elaeocarpidine and auramine), and artemisic acid. Importantly, the methanol extract had more potent anti-Toxoplasma activity (IC 50 =4.43 ± 1.26 µg/mL) than the n-hexane extract (IC 50 =23.32 ± 3.97 µg/ mL), corroborating the higher content of flavonoids, alkaloids, and artemisic acid in methanol extracts than in nhexane extract. The anti-Toxoplasma IC 50 values of the methanol and n-hexane extracts were 34-fold and 7-fold lower than their respective cytotoxic IC 50 values in human fibroblast cell line. Consistent with our findings, flavonoids, alkaloids and artemisic acid have previously been shown to have potent anti-Toxoplasma activity. Together, our results show that Chlorophyceae contains significant amounts of bioactive compounds with potent anti-Toxoplasma activity.
Antibiotics
Pleopeltis crassinervata (Pc) is a fern that, according to ethnobotanical records, is used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Recent reports indicate that the hexane fraction (Hf) obtained from Pc methanolic frond extract affects Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite viability in vitro; therefore, in the present study, the activity of different Pc hexane subfractions (Hsf) obtained by chromatographic methods was evaluated in the same biological model. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out for hexane subfraction number one (Hsf1), as it showed the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 23.6 µg/mL, a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 398.7 µg/mL in Vero cells, and a selective index (SI) of 16.89. Eighteen compounds were identified by Hsf1 GC/MS analysis, with the majority being fatty acids and terpenes. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was the most commonly found compound (18.05...