Energy management onboard the Space Station-a rule-based approach (original) (raw)
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arXiv (Cornell University), 2021
This paper presents a load control algorithm for control of energy sources and loads to enhance energy sustainability and reliability of the International Space Station (ISS), which is a large spacecraft in orbit around Earth. In this paper, the ISS electric power system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to be able to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm in a simulated environment. This study also aims to emphasize the importance of load control algorithms on energy sustainability for critical systems, like ISS, having limited energy sources.
Space Station Freedom electrical performance model
The baseline Space Station Freedom electric power system (EPS) employs photovoltaic (PV) arrays and nickel hydrogen (NiH2) batteries to supply power to housekeeping and user electrical loads via a direct current (dc) distribution system. The EPS was originally designed for an operating life of 30 years through orbital replacement of components. As the design and development of the EPS continues, accurate EPS performance predictions are needed to assess design options, operating scenarios, and resource allocations. To meet these needs, NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) has, over a 10 year period, developed SPACE (Station Power Analysis for Capability Evaluation), a computer code designed to predict EPS performance. This paper describes SPACE, its functionality, and its capabilities.
Artificial intelligence algorithm for daily scheduling of thermal generators
IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1991
An artificial-intelligence-based algorithm is developed for scheduling thermal generators in a 24-hour schedule horizon. The primary requirement of meeting the daily system load demand and spinning reserve, the ramp rate characteristics and minimum up and down times of units, and the operational constraints including the crew constraints, station synchronisation intervals, station shutdown intervals and the allowable operating limits of units, are incorporated in the algorithm. The scheduling algorithm consists of an algorithm for the run-up-to-peak period, an algorithm for the period between the midday and midafternoon peaks and an algorithm for the end-of-day decommitment period. The algorithms are based on the heuristic-guided depth-first search technique. A 'look-ahead' and 'constraint satisfaction' technique is also developed in the algorithm for the scheduling period between the midday and midafternoon peaks. The combinatorial explosion in the search space of the scheduling problem is greatly reduced by the use of the heuristics derived, some of which are based on economic considerations. A method for further reducing the search space to a manageable size is also developed. In addition, a new and recursive algorithm for solving the power dispatch problem is developed. This algorithm is employed in the 24-hour scheduling algorithm in the process of evaluating the costs of the generated schedules. The application of the developed scheduling algorithm to schedule ten thermal generators, implemented in Prolog, is presented. Paper 8245C (W), first received 15th October 1990 and in revised form
12th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2014
The development of distributed hierarchical and agent-based control systems will allow for reliable autonomous energy management and power distribution for on-orbit missions. Power is one of the most critical systems on board a space vehicle, requiring quick response time when a fault or emergency is identified. As NASA's missions with human presence extend beyond low earth orbit, autonomous control of vehicle power systems will be necessary and will need to reliably function for long periods of time. In the design of autonomous electrical power control systems there is a need to dynamically simulate and verify the Electrical Power System (EPS) controller functionality prior to use on-orbit. This paper presents the work at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio where the development of a controls laboratory is being completed that will be utilized to demonstrate advanced prototype EPS controllers for space, aeronautical and terrestrial applications. The control laboratory hardware, software and application of an autonomous controller for demonstration with the ISS electrical power system is the subject of this paper.
Jurnal Teknik Industri
Optimization in the operation of electric power system is an important task for both inland and onboard. The objective is to minimize operating cost index. Taking advantage of thescheme that onboard operator has the authority not only in the supply side but also in the demandside, an optimization approach toward onboard energy management systems based onintegrated model for supply and demand side is being developed. The model utilizes unit commitmentand economic dispatch in the supply side and load management based on multipleattribute decision-making in the demand side. As a part of the whole concept, this paper focuseson the modeling and simulation of demand side. A user friendly demand side model consistingof Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch is developed by using LabVIEW, LaboratoryVirtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. Data taken from 3 units of Steam Power Plantare simulated. It is then eventually confirmed that 9% total cost saving can be achieved in theselected load d...
Mathematical Programming Approach for the Design of Satellite Power Systems
2019
Satellite power systems can be understood as islanded dc microgrids supplied by specialized and coordinated solar cell arrays augmented by electrochemical battery systems to handle high-power loads and periods of eclipse. The periodic availability of power, the limited capacity of batteries, and the dependence of all mission service on power consumption create a unique situation in which temporal power and energy scarcity exist. A multi-period model of an orbital satellite power system's performance over a mission's duration can be constructed. A modular power system architecture is used to characterize the system's constraints. Using mathematical programming, an optimization problem can be posed such that the optimal power and energy ratings for the power system are determined for any load schedule imposed by a given mission's requirements. The optimal energy trajectory of the electrical power system over a mission's duration is also determined when the mathematical programming problem is solved. A generic set of mission requirements is identified to test this approach, but the objective function of the resulting optimization problem can be modified to return different results. These results can provide a clear illustration of the trade-offs that designers of such power systems consider in the design process.
A Matheuristic Approach for Resource Scheduling and Design of a Multi-energy System
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems, 2019
Modern energy system are evolving due to the opportunities and challenges that new technologies pose in the energy sector. These changes create the requirements of decision tools able to effectively sustain the processes of design and retrofit of energy systems. In this paper a multi-energy system management problem is taken into account and a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation is proposed to model both the design and the resource scheduling of energy districts. However, since the size of the formulation restricts its applicability to small cases far from the application of interest, a matheuristic based on constraint relaxations and variable fixing has been designed. Preliminary computational results show that the proposed solution strategy is able to achieve good solutions (i.e., solutions with small optimality gaps) on restricted random instances, and to solve in reasonable times instances derived from a real case study.
System performance predictions for Space Station Freedom's electric power system
Space Station Freedom Electric Power System (EPS) capability to effectively deliver power to housekeeping and user loads continues to strongly influence Freedom's design and planned approaches for assembly and operations. The EPS design consists of silicon photovoltaic (PV) arrays, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and direct current power management and distribution hardware and cabling. To properly characterize the inherent EPS design capability, detailed system performance analyses must be performed for early stages as well as for the fully assembled station up to 15 years after beginning of life. Such analyses were repeatedly performed using the FORTRAN code SPACE (Station Power Analysis for Capability Evaluation) developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center over a 10-year period. SPACE combines orbital mechanics routines, station orientation/pointing routines, PV array and battery performance models, and a distribution system load-flow analysis to predict EPS performance. Time-depe...
Scheduling problems with energy consideration: State of the art and opportunities
E3S Web of Conferences
The target of this study is to find an appropriate research framework on the basis of the main published works designed to resolve the scheduling issues with energy aspect consideration. Relatively, the major part of work is placed in the context when modeling scheduling is subject only to one constraint and criteria, which in reality is not constantly the case. This study is handled in the framework where job transactions are interrupted at the similar time by set of technological, environmental and especially energetic constraints that has been previously little discussed in the literature. As soon as the objective functions, constraints, models, approaches and the scheduling environments that are defined as the fundamental elements of scheduling problems resolution are determined, a literature review of the present state of the art is introduced. Then, an analysis is carried out to highlight the fundamental ideas leading to fix a future research area that still require a huge dea...
Investigating the Optimal Use Case For Space Solar Power Systems
We examine the optimal role, or use case, for a space solar power system (SSPS) in an electrical grid by using a full year of historical load data from three U.S. cities in different climate regions to drive a simulation of load and supply. We include the impact of the eclipsing of the power station during each equinox season. SSPS operation through eclipse requires over-sizing the space power station relative to the load, and storing the difference in energy for use during the eclipse seasons. We found the optimal use case for SSPS in cities north (south) of the subtropic region is providing the base-load supply and that load chasing may be the optimal use case for cities in the sub-tropical and tropical regions. Further analysis is needed to confirm this latter result.