Hospital pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and transcribing in the Riyadh region (original) (raw)
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Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License INTRODUCTION The Hospital pharmacy establishment needs minimum standard. The American society of hospital pharmacy published minimum standard of hospital pharmacy consisted of several elements for instance but not limited to the leadership, drug distribution and control Human Resources, education, training, and pharmacy research. [1] The ASHP conducted a survey at every certain period to measure the pharmacy services across united states of America over past years until now. [2,3,4,5,6,7] Recently the ASHP is focusing on six domain like prescribing, transcending, dispensing, Administration, drug monitoring, and patient education. [2,3] Every year surveyed about two domains. The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society with the cooperation of ASHP before several years did a survey in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with same six domains. [8,9,10] However, the number of hospitals was few and not investigated Ministry of health hospitals. Also, it was hard to find hospital pharmacy practice in Gulf and Middle East counties. The objective of this study is to explore the National Survey of Pharmacy Practice at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia, with emphasis on the pharmacy management and resources. METHODS It is a 4-months cross-sectional National Survey of Pharmacy Practice at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts; the demographic information and the second part contained eighty-five questions divided into nine domains drove from American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of healthcare accreditation. [3,5,8,9,10,11,12] The parts were pharmacy management and resources, prescribing and medication control, preparation of medications and dispensing, computerized and pharmacy technology, clinical pharmacy services, drug
Hospital pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia: Dispensing and administration in the Riyadh region
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2012
Background: There is very little published data assessing hospital pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. Hence, a comprehensive survey has been undertaken to evaluate hospital pharmacy services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Recently, we published the survey results on the prescribing and transcribing steps of the medication use process. This paper focuses on dispensing and administration. Methods: A modified-American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) survey questionnaire was personally delivered to the pharmacy directors of 48 hospitals in the Riyadh region. Three attempted follow-ups were made within 3 months to non-responders and the surveys were collected upon completion. The survey was conducted using similar methods to those of the ASHP surveys. Results: Twenty-nine hospitals participated in the survey with a response rate of 60.4%. Centralized distribution (74%) is the most commonly used model for inpatient pharmacies. Overall, 21% of hospitals routinely use bar coding technology in medication dispensing. None of the hospitals are using a robotic distribution system to automate the dispensing of unit doses. Automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) are used by 21% of hospitals as part of their decentralized distribution model.
Background Pharmaceutical care practice has been championed as the primary mission of the pharmacy profession, but its implementation has been suboptimal in many developing countries including Kuwait. Pharmacists must have sufficient knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes to practise pharmaceutical care, and barriers in the pharmacy practice model must be overcome before pharmaceutical care can be broadly implemented in a given healthcare system. Objective To investigate hospital pharmacists' attitudes towards pharmaceutical care, perceptions of their preparedness to provide pharmaceutical care, and the barriers to its implementation in Kuwait. Setting Six general hospitals, eight specialized hospitals and seven specialized health centers in Kuwait. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was distributed to all pharmacists working in the governmental hospitals in Kuwait (385 pharmacists). Data were collected via a pre-tested selfadministered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including percentages, medians and means Likert scale rating (standard deviations) were calculated and compared using statistical package for social sciences, version 20. Statistical significance was accepted at a p value of \0.05. Main outcome measure Pharmacists' attitudes towards pharmaceutical care, perceptions of their preparedness to provide pharmaceutical care competencies, and the barriers to its implementation in Kuwait. Results Completed surveys were received from 250 (64.9 %) of the 385 pharmacists. Pharmacists expressed overall positive attitudes towards pharmaceutical care. They felt well prepared to implement the various aspects of pharmaceutical care, with the least preparedness in the administrative/management aspects. Pharmacists with more practice experience expressed significantly more positive attitudes towards pharmaceutical care (p = 0.001) and they felt better prepared to provide pharmaceutical care competencies (p \ 0.001) than those with less experience as practitioners. The respondents agreed/strongly agreed that the most significant barriers to the integration of pharmaceutical care into practice were lack of private counseling areas or inappropriate pharmacy layout (87.6 %), organizational obstacles (81.6 %), inadequate staff (79.6 %), and lack of pharmacist time and adequate technology (76.0 %). Conclusion Hospital pharmacists in Kuwait advocate implementation of pharmaceutical care while also appreciating the organizational, technical and professional barriers to its widespread adoption. Collaborative efforts between health authorities and educational institutions, and the integration of innovative approaches in pharmacy management and education could overcome these barriers and achieve the transition towards pharmaceutical care practice.
Evaluation of drug prescribing practices in private and general hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
The study of prescribing pattern is a significant constituent of medical review, which helps in monitoring, evaluating and building required modifications in the prescribing practices to attain a rational and cost effective medical care. The present study determined the trends in drug prescription pattern of clinicians in private and general hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. One thousand two hundred and thirty two prescriptions were collected from private and general hospitals between March and September, 2013. The prescriptions were subjected to analysis using the World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators. The study cleared that all collected prescriptions were titled with the name of hospital and some were handwritten and the others were computer printouts. Readability was evident in 58.3% of handwritten prescriptions. The name, address, date, license number, and signature of the prescriber was presented in 71.8, 95.1, 71.8, 47.4 and 77.9% of all prescriptions, respectively. Name of patient, age, sex and address were presented in 81.5, 64.0, 61.0 and 20.5% in all prescriptions, respectively. The diagnosis of complaint or a history of allergy was presented in 44.5 and 12.7%, respectively of all prescriptions. The prescribed drugs in a generic name were 32.8% of all prescriptions. The strength, the drug dosage form, the route and frequency of administration of the prescribed drug were presented in 84.1, 58.1, 33.8 and 93.2% of all prescriptions, respectively whereas, duration of treatment was mentioned in only 12.0% of total prescriptions. The average number of drugs per encounter was 2.8. Prescribers were prescribed one, two, three, four, five or more than five drugs per prescription in 1.7, 41.1, 35.3, 16.2, 3.7 and 2.3%, respectively. This study revealed that it is necessary to further improve drugs prescribing practice. This calls for sustained interventional strategies and periodic review at all levels of healthcare for the avoidance of negative consequences of inappropriate prescription. Polypharmacy and low rate of generic prescriptions remain problems in healthcare facilities.
A Survey to Assess Clinical Pharmacy Services in Makkah County Hospitals, Saudi Arabia
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2021
Background:The services of clinical pharmacy is not included for science purposes only;it includes wide variety of public care and patient engagements. Makkah is a holy city in a developing country which indeed can improve their clinical pharmacy services perspectives. Objectives:Our main objectives were appraising therule of clinical pharmacy services in Makkah. Materials: This was done bysurvey questionsfor clinical pharmacists in Makkah county hospitals. Results: Our data showed that most coverage of clinical pharmacy services on both the scale ofdepartment is 17.14 percent and the scale of patients is 13.2 percent, that means the service does not cover the exact rule of clinical pharmacists. About 57.7 percent of the county hospitals, the pharmacists did not meet the requirement, and the numberwas smaller than in other hospitals. Conclusion:Our data showed that there is a very small percentage of the services of clinical pharmacy as well as the software, hardware.Moreover, there was a huge gap in the teaching methods.
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, 2019
Objective: Formulary management is an integrated patient care process which enables physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to work together to promote clinically sound cost-effective medication therapy and positive therapeutic outcomes. Effective use of healthcare resources can minimize overall medical costs, improve patient access to more affordable care and provide an improved quality of life. A formulary not only includes a list of medications and medication-associated products but also includes medication-use policies, important ancillary drug information, decision support tools and organizational guidelines. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to provide the guiding principles for the Formulary Management System at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part contained 93 questions divided into four domains. The scope, structure and responsibilities, the formulary management system, the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making and the committee meetings organization and management. The electronic survey was distributed to 50 drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed the formulary management system at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to our questionnaire. The statement with highest score was related to the committee formulary system of medications usage through ensuring the safety of prescribing, distribution, administration and monitoring of medications (3.8); the process for managing drug product shortages (3.76); and the medications are requested for the addition or deletion from the drug formulary (3.68). Most of the hospitals had an open drug formulary (30 (60%)), with remaining responders having closed drug formulary (20 (40%)) with the total number of medications in the drug formulary (300-899) at 32 (64%) of the responded hospitals. The average score of type of method related to drug usage evaluation statements was 3.36, with the statement with high average score was review of medication error report (3.94) and review of medication sentinel incident reports (3.48), whereas the statement with lowest score was an investigational drug therapy approved (2.88). Conclusion: Two-thirds of the hospitals had open drug formulary. Drug utilization evaluation system should review for the majority of the hospital. update the formulary management system required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceutical care services in hospitals of Kuwait
Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Société canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2006
To describe the current pharmacy practice in the general public hospitals based on self-reported practice by pharmacists, explore the awareness of the pharmacists of pharmaceutical care concept, identify their willingness to implement pharmaceutical care practice, and identify the barriers that may limit its implementation. Eighty hospital pharmacists working in four general public hospitals were approached to be included in the study. Data were colleted via face-to-face structured interview of the respondents using a pre-tested questionnaire. The response rate was 76.3%. Thirty five (57.4%) of the respondents had frequently performed interventions on prescriptions through interaction with physicians. Thirty two (52.5%) had frequently provided patient counselling. The knowledge of the respondents about the counseling points for salbutamol inhaler was assessed using a total score of 10, 35 (57.4%) scored = 5. The frequent provision of counseling was non-significantly least common amo...
Pharmaceutical care in Kuwait: hospital pharmacists’ perspectives
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2014
Purpose: To describe the current pharmacy practice in the general public hospitals based on self-reported practice by pharmacists, explore the awareness of the pharmacists of pharmaceutical care concept, identify their willingness to implement pharmaceutical care practice, and identify the barriers that may limit its implementation.
[Medication prescribing pattern in primary care in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia]
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, 2011
Physicians' prescribing behaviour is closely linked with patient safety and this area is poorly researched in Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to analyse physicians' prescribing patterns and the adequacy of noted information in the primary health care sector in Riyadh city. All medication prescriptions from 5 public (n = 1182) and 5 private (n = 1200) health centres were collected by simple random sampling during 1 working day. Antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed drugs in both sectors. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.08 and 2.36 in the public and private sectors respectively. Information and instructions noted on prescriptions varied considerably between private and public health centres. Similarly the medication prescribing pattern differed across the 2 health settings. Primary care physicians in Saudi Arabia need continuing training to improve their prescribing practices.