The ethics of research : Part 4 : Safeguarding the scientist, protecting the participants (original) (raw)
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GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020
Ethics in medical education research is associated with any research concerning human participants and including anthropological tissue conducted by supervising and scholars of the University. It is associated with the accountability of the researcher, to be honest, and privacy and confidentially and autonomy and respectfully to all participants who affected by their research studies. Objectives of the review: The motivation behind this report is to look at the ethical issues raised when investigating including human members. In addition, to demonstrate the important ethical consideration with academic medical research. Conclusion: Ethics of restorative research on human subjects should be clinically supported and deductively stable. Educated consent is a compulsory segment of any clinical research. Investigators are committed to configuration look into protocols that build up guidelines of logical respectability, safeguard ethical and authoritative issues of the human subjects, and...
Medical Research and Ethics - Revisited
Indian Journal of Child Health
M edicine is an evolving science and is an area of constant research. Although lot of things are already known, many things are yet unknown in this context. Due to the phenomenal improvement in the health-care system, there is a significant increase in life expectancy owing to non-invasive methods of the diagnosis, newer drugs, and the unprecedented technological advances in the treatment. However, drugs which are working today, might not work tomorrow due to phenomena of resistance. Hence, there is the need of applied research for developing new drugs, tests, imaging techniques, surgical modalities, etc especially, due to ever-increasing novel health issues that were not so critical earlier [1]. There is now a need for newer drugs with better efficacy and lesser side effects for the treatment and control of emerging diseases. We need newer treatment regimes for improved outcomes of diseases. Research is needed not only for identifying these new treatments or drugs but also for new devices and surgical techniques. This has to be tried and tested in the context of the disease epidemiology and healthcare delivery (health systems' research). It is well documented that acceptance to medication also depends on the medical sociology, culture and anthropology, laws (legal medicine), and ethics (medical ethics) [2,3]. Medicine differs from mathematics and physics in the way that medicine does not have any blanket principles. Although there are general guiding principles that may be valid, each patient is different and every patient is an individual entity in its own. Although it may work for the majority, it might not be valid or effective to treat all the patients. A doctor often experiments the treatments in case of those patient who may not respond to the routine medications. Thus, medicine is experimental. This is true even for the routinely accepted treatments, wherein the response to the same treatment by every individual may vary. Hence, monitoring and evaluation of the treatment regimes of well-documented effective medicines is also required. This is the core of medical research [2]. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICAL PRACTICE Physicians need to be updated about all the changes that occur continuously in the medical world. They have to keep reading and improving their knowledge of clinical research, based on the results of medical research; termed as evidence-based practice. Individual professionals need to be informed, trained, and motivated to be on the lookout of and incorporate the latest ABSTRACT Ethics in the medical research is known since many years; however, there have been new developments in this area recently. A phenomenal improvement in the health-care system, leading to increased life expectancy, and thereby, newer lifestyle and other health-related diseases has opened avenues for newer drugs and health-care technology. However, these have to be tried and tested in the context of the disease epidemiology, health-care delivery and of course, medical ethics. Monitoring and evaluation of the treatment regimes of well documented effective medicines is also required. This is the core of medical research. With the ever increasing concept of evidence-based medical system, and thereby, a rapid rise in the number of clinical trials; the role of medical ethics is potentially increasing to keep the patients' interest in mind. The physicians have to consider the health and positive outcome for the patients. This gives rise to conflicting roles and duties; however, physicians' role and patient commitment must supersede the role of researcher in such cases. The ethical principles, i.e. autonomy, beneficence, and justice apply not only to the physician but also to the medical researcher as well. To monitor the interests of the patients, the ethical review committee sees to it that the clinical trials are conducted with the correct "ethical" approach, giving due consideration to the informed consent process. Refining the regulations and guidelines, especially for individual studies is the core mechanism to strengthen the international medical ethics scenario. This has increasing importance in view of increasing funded research, research involving children, women and prisoners, research related to neurosciences, newer vaccines, organ and tissue transplant, and stem cell transplantation.
The principles of medical ethics and medical research
Cadernos De Saude Publica, 1999
In this paper I discuss the application of the principles of medical ethics and of med- ical research to the case of children and others whose consent to treatment and to research is problematic. Public health depends substantially on the possibility of ongoing research into all conditions which affect the health of the people. Constraints on this research are therefore
Ethics of Clinical Research-Potential and Enrolled Subjects' Protection
Texila International Journal of Clinical Research, 2019
This paper examined the ethics of Clinical Research and the protection of potential and enrolled human subjects. Clinical research is a lengthy and costly process. Subject recruitment and retention are an essential step to help lowering the cost and the length of clinical trials. Good quality research is crucial for determining the clinical and cost effectiveness of health care systems, at the same time recruitment of sufficient participants is a cornerstone for good quality research that tests hypotheses with confidence and minimizes bias. In this paper, I had the opportunity to highlight some ethical concerns and considerations that are related to recruiting human subjects in clinical research. The purpose of ethical guidelines is both to protect patient volunteers and to preserve the integrity of the science. This report serves as guidance for biomedical and behavioural researchers to find a summary of the basic ethical principles to protect human subjects basically: beneficence, justice, and respect for individuals. The existing literature on the subject was reviewed all along to contextualize the study. I have used observation during the field trips and hands on knowledge of recruiting human subjects carried in my job. The process of informed consent is crucial in achieving these principles. In order to protect human subjects, the informed consent process involves the verbal discussion with the possible subject along with the paper document. Finding revealed that by placing some people at risk of harm for the good of others; clinical research has the potential to exploit patient volunteers. Undue inducement could be eliminated by careful assessment of risks, paying attention to eligibility criteria, collecting an informed and voluntary consent of research subjects. We should continually strive to bring in interactive learning opportunities for clinical researchers, ethics committee members, scientists, biomedical researchers and all other personnel involved in clinical development and translational research.
Bodija Journal, 2015
Ethical abuse of human subjects is still prevalent in researches. Biomedical research as the use of modern day medical technology to test hypothesis so as to deduce conclusions that are generalisable as theories and principles involve human subjects. If such research is not morally guided, it runs the danger of abusing the sacredness of human life and dehumanising the human person. Therefore, ethics as the philosophical science, which establishes the moral order of human acts would necessarily be required to check and balance the procedural systems of such research. It is within this context that this paper interrogates the role of ethics in biomedical research. This paper carefully and critically analyses how and why researchers abuse the human subject. Appealing to the Kantian moral imperatives, it opines that human subjects should never be treated as means to an end but as end in themselves. It succinctly points out the relevance of ethics in researches involving human subjects, particularly, biomedical research.
A number of developments have brought the subject of ethics in medical research to the front line of concerns of the medical profession and of the society at large. Ethical concerns should be addressed at all stages of the research process.
Journal of Education and Ethics in Dentistry, 2013
Background: The fi eld of dentistry has developed rapidly over the past century based on the Hippocratic principles. Research in dentistry is aimed at investigating the causes and treatment of dental disease and is based on the same ethical standards that govern the fi eld of medicine. Very little research has investigated the attitudes of dental professionals toward the concepts of research ethics and the acceptability of research ethics committees, accordingly a cross sectional study was designed in our institution. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of our study were to assess the knowledge awareness and attitudes of dental faculty regarding research ethics committees and research ethics. Materials and methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in our institution with the consent of the ethical committee. The study was designed in a questionnaire form which was used to assess attitudes, awareness of dental professional regarding research ethics committee and knowledge in practices of research ethics. A total of 115 proformas were distributed and 100 completely fi lled proformas were analysed. Results: The dental faculty is favourable towards research ethics training and role of research ethics committee in conducting quality dental research. About greater than half of the participants (51%) had a prior experience in research involving human subjects. Among people involved in prior research about 49% participants have conducted <OR = 3 projects, while 2-3% of the people were involved in >3 research projects. The attitudes towards practices in research ethics showed that greater than 90% (94-98%) of the patients responded positively. The results from the survey recommends the institutional authorities about the need for training in research ethics with special emphasis on vulnerable participants, aspects related to responsible conduct of research and the roles and functions of research ethics committees. Conclusion: Adequate knowledge of the dental professionals regarding research ethics and their attitudes towards practices of ethical principles and ethical committees will favour quality research and provide a caring society.
Bioethics for clinicians: 10. Research ethics
1997
MEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS raises complex ethical, legal and social issues. Investigators sometimes find that their obligations with respect to a research project come into conflict with their obligations to individual patients. The ethical conduct of research rests on 3 guiding principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect for persons underlies the duty to obtain informed consent from