Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water from a large Chinese lake based on multiple indicators (original) (raw)
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Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2017
h i g h l i g h t s • Greater influence of sediment clay particles in partitioning of PAHs over other factors. • High molecular weight PAHs were more sensitive to the OC changes than low molecular weight PAHs. • Variability in specific interactions and unequal partition efficiencies with sediment organic matter under natural condition. • Partition effect of PAHs with SOM increases more rapidly with increasing molecular weight. • Natural organic matter is an important sedimentary hydrophobic domain in PAH assessment. a b s t r a c t Pollution from PAHs in porewater and surficial sediments of the rapidly contaminated Ogbese River, Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated. Samples were extracted using Hexane/methylene chloride mixture and the complex PAH mixtures were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There was greater influence of sediment fine particles (R 2 = 0.978) in partitioning of PAHs over other factors. Total concentration of PAHs in the sediments and porewater ranged 14.45 µg g −1 to 26.78 µg g −1 (n = 8, dry weight) and 6.25 µg L −1 to 13.93 µg L −1 (n = 8) respectively. The measured partition coefficients (i.e., K oc values) of the individual PAHs between sediment organic matter (SOM) and porewater across all locations ranged from 5.027 (±0.157 SD) to 5.074 (±0.169 SD). The correlation in log K oc (observed vs predicted) for high molecular weight/low molecular weight-PAHs suggests variability in specific interactions and unequal partition efficiencies with SOM under natural condition. Based on equilibrium partitioning and narcosis model, three PAHs {benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene }has toxic unit (TU) values of concern. These results represent a baseline report for future monitoring programs of PAHs.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2018
The aim of the study was ecological risk assessment (ERA) of the agricultural soils located in the vicinity of the highly industrialized area and exposed to different emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we demonstrated the combination of generic and sitespecific ERA approach for screening assessment and delineation of the area of a high ecological risk. Generic approach was based on a hazard quotient and indicated that 62% of the research area needs further assessment. For site-specific evaluation, the Triad approach was utilized. Information from three lines of evidence (LoE): chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological, was integrated into one environmental risk (EnvRI) index. The chemical risk was derived from toxic pressure coefficients based on the total PAHs concentration. The ecotoxicological LoE included an acute toxicity testing: the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri activity in both liquid-and solid-phase samples and the ability of crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus to food uptake. The ecological LoE comprised microbial parameters related to soil respiration and enzymatic activity. Integrated EnvRI index ranged from 0.44 to 0.94 and was mainly influenced by high values of chemical LoE risk, while the ecotoxicological and ecological LoE indicated no or low risk. Due to the relatively high uncertainty associated with the contradictory information given by LoEs, there is the need to confirm potential risk in a tier 2 analysis. Keywords Ecological risk assessment Á Lines of evidence Á Triad approach Á Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Á Contaminated area Á Agricultural soil
Procedia Engineering, 2016
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants released to the environment through natural and anthropogenic activities. PAHs if not being treated properly, are able to be transformed to various derivatives (daughters). There are possibilities that both PAHs and their daughter products to be toxic to environment and human. In this study, samples from influent of a water treatment plant (WTP) and effluent of sewage treatment plant (STP) were obtained to investigate presence of PAHs and their derivatives. Analysis of samples were conducted using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and conversion formulation of the identified PAHs were found out. Furthermore, toxicity study carried out using guppy (Poecilia reticulate) to establish toxicity intensity of PAHs parents and daughters. The experiments were performed with three replicates using a total of 100 guppies for all definite tests through steady state method of acute toxicity test and mortality rates were investigated in 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Results indicated that phthalic acid and benzoic acid are significant compounds in both sampling points. Phthalic acid was found to be derived from Chrysene and Naphthalene whereas benzoic acid resulted from degradation of Fluoranthene. Mortality rates were 20% and 10%, in WTP influent and STP effluent, respectively. No mortality was observed in control tank which indicated accuracy of toxicity test. Although, the pollution levels in both samples did not produce 50% mortality, the findings could indicate the conditions affecting fish populations in prolonged duration.
Recent Iraqi battles against ISIS in 2014 and 2015 resulted in the destruction or severe damage to several refineries' infrastructure. This, along with other factors, has led to the release and accumulation of a wide range of hazardous chemicals into the environment, for instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Thus, for the first time, a comprehensive 16 PAHs measurements campaign over the course of six months near the oil refineries along the Tigris River and its estuaries was investigated. The 16 PAHs concentrations in surface water and the sediments for the following oil refineries: Baiji, Kirkuk, Al-Siniyah, Qayyarah, Al-Kasak, Daura, South Refineries Company, and Maysan were examined. The overall findings indicated that the 16 PAHs concentrations ranged from 567.8 to 3750.7 ng/L for water and 5619.2-12795.0 ng/g for sediment. Water samples in South Refineries Company recorded the highest PAH concentrations while Baiji oil refinery registered the highest PAH concentrations in the sediment samples. The percentages of high molecular weight PAH (5-6 rings) in water and sediment samples were the highest, ranging from 49.41% to 81.67% and from 39.06% to 89.39% of total PAH for water and sediment, respectively. The majority of 16 PAHs measured in water and sediment samples of the Tigris River were derived from pyrogenic sources. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), most sites showed a possible effect range with occasional biological effects of most of the PAH concentrations in all sediments' samples. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) value was high risk with adverse health effects, including cancer.
Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013
The southern part of the Haihe River system, the largest river system in the Haihe River Basin, is important to maintain a healthy ecosystem and safe drinking water as well as for the economic development of China. To assess the effect of rapid industrialization and urbanization on the pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination, the PAH pollution characteristics of the southern part of the Haihe River system was investigated. Sixteen PAHs in surface sediments samples collected from 24 sites covering the southern part of the Haihe River system from the upstream to the estuaries were detected and analyzed. The total PAH concentration ranged from 258.77 to 11296.66 ng/g dry weight. On average, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-and 6-ring PAHs comprised 25.32%, 27.22%, 22.62%, 14.89% and 9.96% of the total PAHs, respectively. Sites with high concentrations were concentrated in the Fuhe River, Fuyang River and Wei River, which are located near cities. A risk quotient (RQ) was used to assess the ecological risk of PAHs. The mean values of the RQ (MPCs) of individual PAHs were lower than 1.00, except for those of naphthalene (2.00) and pyrene (1.67). The RQ PAHs calculated for the samples indicated that the Xidayang reservoir and the estuary of the Ziya River were determined to be at a low risk level, while Baoding City, Handan City and Aixinzhuang were determined to be at a high risk level. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, surface sediments, the southern part of the Haihe River system, distribution, composition profile, ecological risk assessment
Environmental geochemistry and health, 2017
A comprehensive investigation was conducted in order to assess the levels of PAHs, their input prediction and potential risks to bacterial abundance and human health along Gujarat coastline. A total of 40 sediment samples were collected at quarterly intervals within a year from two contaminated sites-Alang-Sosiya Shipbreaking Yard (ASSBRY) and Navlakhi Port (NAV), situated at Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch, respectively. The concentration of ΣPAHs ranged from 408.00 to 54240.45 ng g(-1) dw, indicating heavy pollution of PAHs at both the contaminated sites. Furthermore, isomeric ratios and principal component analysis have revealed that inputs of PAHs at both contaminated sites were mixed-pyrogenic and petrogenic. Pearson co-relation test and regression analysis have disclosed Nap, Acel and Phe as major predictors for bacterial abundance at both contaminated sites. Significantly, cancer risk assessment of the PAHs has been exercised based on incremental lifetime cancer risks. Ove...
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2022
This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Changdang Lake, China during March (dry season), June (wet season) and September (Moderate Season). The average concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in March averaged 100.08ng /L (35.31~200.38ng/L), June 154.72ng/L (100.80~218.74ng/L), and in September 93.77ng/L (66.75~106.41ng/L). Among them, the residual benzo(a)pyrene was 5.90ng/L in water. By applying the redundancy analysis, results showed higher correlation between the fraction of 10-100kDa organic matter and the residues of higher rings PAHs (BbF, BkF, DahA, Bghip) and middle-rings PAHs (Ace and Chr). According to the risk classification of individual PAHs in water, the eco-toxicological risks of
CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 2016
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants and their presence in urban lakes is of great concern for human and ecological health. One hundred twenty-six surface water samples and 126 surface sediment samples were collected in winter 2012 and summer 2013, respectively, to investigate distribution patterns, seasonal variations, possible pollution sources, and potential ecological risks of 16 priority PAHs in the largest urban lake, East Lake in China. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in water and sediment ranged from 10.2 to 525.1 ng L À1 and 10.9 to 2478.1 ng g À1 dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of P PAHs in sediment samples in summer were almost two times greater than those in winter, but the seasonal variations did not differ significantly in the water samples. Diagnostic ratios of indicator PAHs reflected a possibility of pyrolytic PAH input in sediment and a mixture of petroleum and combustion sources in water from the East Lake. The potential ecological risk assessment based on the risk quotient indicated relatively moderate ecological risks of PAHs in the East Lake.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1995
The C P A H model estimates the probability of toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediments using a combination of equilibrium partitioning, QSAR, toxic unit, additivity, and concentration-response models. The sediment concentration of organic carbon and 13 PAH (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon) compounds were measured. Interstitial water concentrations (PAH,,) of the 13 compounds were predicted by equilibrium partitioning. The 10-d LC50 of each compound in interstitial water (10-d LC50,,) was predicted by a QSAR regression of 10-d LC50,, (from spiked sediment tests) to KO,. Toxic unit concentrations of individual compounds (TU,) were predicted as PAH,,/lO-d LC50,,. The total number of toxic units of the 13 compounds (CTU,) was calculated assuming the additivity of toxic effects of PAHs. CTU, was used to predict the probability of toxicity to marine and estuarine amphipods using a concentration-response model derived from spiked sediment toxicity tests. The C PAH model was verified by comparing predicted and observed toxicity in field-collected sediment samples. There was 86.6% correspondence and no significant difference between predicted and observed toxicity at PAH-contaminated sites. Ecological-effect levels predicted by the C P A H model correspond with several sediment-quality guidelines.
Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India
The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to understand their sources and probable ecological risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was 157.96 ± 18.99 μg L−1, while that of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L−1, which corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs arising due to the combustion of grass, wood, and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment was made using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study showed that the mean BaP concentration in the Mithi River water (8.61 μg L−1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L−1, while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) + benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L−1) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d) pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L−1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and 0.002 μg L−1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining creek is possibly at risk.