Toxic metabolite profiling of Inocybe virosa (original) (raw)
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Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances i...
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Inonotus obliquus, a wood-decaying mushroom, has been used as a health-promoting supplement and nutraceutical for centuries. It is a source of bioactive compounds accumulated in both the conks (pseudosclerotia/sclerotia) and the biomass obtained in vitro. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the bioelements and selected metabolites produced in mycelial cultures obtained from different host species. The mycochemical potential of mycelial cultures isolated from pseudosclerotia grown in Betula pendula, Alnus glutinosa, and Carpinus betulus was compared. Parent cultures were obtained in two types of medium (malt extract agar substrates without and with birch wood). Experimental cultures were developed in 2 L bioreactors for 10 days. The content of bioelements was determined using FAAS and FAES methods. Organic compounds were estimated using the RP–HPLC–DAD method. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in human keratinocytes HaCaT, human skin fibroblasts ...
Significant causative agents that cause toxicity in mushrooms
Worldwide outbreaks of food-related illnesses brought on by wild mushroom poisoning have raised questions about food safety. On an annual basis, we hear a lot of stories from all over the globe concerning people eating toxic mushrooms. Scientists are interested in it, notably in the areas of hazardous substance composition, process, and its use in poisonous mushrooms. The toxins which are present in poisonous mushrooms are quickly taken in by blood vessels and travel straight towards their aimed target despite withstanding the extremes of the temperature of cooking and the digestive acids. However, patients must be aware that in 95 per cent of instances, the nature of fungus and toxins is unknown, thus evaluation and therapy rely on the symptoms they are experiencing at the time of hospitalization. Clinical syndromes associated with mushroom poisoning include fulminate hepatic failure, immediate failure of the renal system, rhabdomyolysis, erythromelalgia, haemorrhage, gastroenteritis, mental disturbance, and irritation of the skin. The aim of this review is to explain poisonous mushrooms, the medical symptoms of toxic mushrooms, different noxious, and how they are used medically.
Inedible mushrooms: a good source of biologically active substances
The Chemical Record, 2006
In the course of our investigation on biologically active substances from inedible mushrooms in Japan, Germany, and Vietnam, we studied the chemical constituents of 22 species belonging to five families: Scutigeraceae, Polyporaceae, Xylariaceae, Thelephoraceae, and Paxillaceae. Various types of chemical substances were purified and characterized based on the modern spectroscopic methods and also on chemical reactions. These metabolites have shown a broad activity in many biological systems, such as antimicrobial, nematicidal, inhibition of NO production, antihuman immunodeficiency virus, tumor necrosis factor-α, and antioxidant activities. These isolated metabolites did not only show interesting activities, but also are employed as chemical markers supported for chemosystematics of these families. This review paper deals with the chemical constituents of 22 species, their biological activities, and also a discussion on chemosystematics.
Poisonous mushrooms; a review of the most common intoxications
Resumen Las setas se han utilizado como componentes de la dieta humana y muchos documentos antiguos escritos en los países orientales se han descrito ya las propiedades medicinales de las especies de hongos. Algunos hongos son conocidos por sus propiedades nutricionales y tera-péuticas y de todo el mundo, algunas especies son conoci-das debido a su toxicidad que causa accidentes mortales cada año, principalmente debido a errores de identifica-ción. Muchas sustancias diferentes que pertenecen a las setas venenosas estaban ya clasificadas y están relaciona-dos con diferentes síntomas y signos. Carcinogenicidad, alteraciones de la frecuencia respiratoria y cardiaca, insuficiencia renal, rhabidomyolisis y otros efectos se observaron en estudios de toxicidad con varias especies incluidas las alimenticias y terapéuticas. La correcta identificación es importante para evitar accidentes y los estudios de toxicidad son necesarias para asegurar el uso seguro de las setas como alimento y con fines medicinales. Abstract Mushrooms have been used as components of human diet and many ancient documents written in oriental countries have already described the medicinal properties of fungal species. Some mushrooms are known because of their nutritional and therapeutical properties and all over the world some species are known because of their toxicity that causes fatal accidents every year mainly due to misidentification. Many different substances belonging to poisonous mushrooms were already identified and are related with different symptoms and signs. Carcino-genicity, alterations in respiratory and cardiac rates, renal failure, rhabidomyolisis and other effects were observed in toxicity studies with various species including edible and therapeutic ones. Proper identification is important to avoid accidents and toxicity studies are necessary to assure the safe use of mushrooms as food and for medicinal purposes.
Occurrence of chemical contaminants in edible mushroom.
Qai s No ga i m *, Ha ss a n A mr a 1 , M a h m m mu d Ab o u -Do nia 1 a nd As se m Ab o u -Arab 1 Fo o d Sci e nce a nd T ec h n o lo g y D ep ar t me nt , F ac u l t y o f Ag ric u lt ur e, Ib b U ni v er si t y, Ye me n 1 Fo o d T o xico lo g y a nd C o nt a mi n a nt s Dep ar t me n t , Na tio na l Re se arc h C e n ter, Ca iro , E g yp t
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020
Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja is an edible mushroom found in Bolu province in northwestern Turkey. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these mushrooms has not been previously investigated. We examined the phenolic composition, elemental content, and antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies. The phenolic compounds in the fungal samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and element content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using the commercially available Rel assay kit. The antigenotoxic effects of the extract were determined using the MTT assay to assess cell viability and the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay). The total phenolic content (ppm) of I. geotropa was found to be catechin (361 ± 2:31), clorogenic acid (553:54 ± 5:06),
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2017
Despite growing popularity in dietary supplements, many medicinal mushrooms have not been evaluated for their safe human consumption using modern techniques. The multifaceted approach described here relies on five key principles to evaluate the safety of non-culinary fungi for human use: (1) identification by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (commonly referred to as ITS barcoding), (2) screening an extract of each fungal raw material against a database of known fungal metabolites, (3) comparison of these extracts to those prepared from grocery store-bought culinary mushrooms using UHPLCPDA-ELS-HRMS, (4) review of the toxicological and chemical literature for each fungus, and (5) evaluation of data establishing presence in-market. This weight-of-evidence approach was used to evaluate seven fungal raw materials and determine safe human use for each. Such an approach may provide an effective alternative to conventional toxicological animal studi...