Influence of socio-economic factors on emotional changes during the postnatal period (original) (raw)
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SocioEconomic Determinants and Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms During Postpartum Period
Women & Health, 2012
The researchers' aims were to estimate the prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms in Italy. Cross-sectional data from the survey, “Health and use of health care in Italy” were analyzed. The authors focused on 5,812 women, pregnant some time during five years before the survey. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors independently associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. Evaluation of seasonal trends was also performed.In the total sample, 23.5% (n = 1,365) reported having suffered postpartum depressive symptoms: 20.7% experienced baby blues, and 2.8% postpartum depression. Factors significantly associated with baby blues were, among others, living in northern or central areas (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.88; 95%CI 1.57–2.15 and 1.40; 95%CI 1.20–1.63, respectively), history of depression (aOR 1.34; 95%CI 1.15–1.56), and attendance at antenatal classes (aOR 1.13; 95%CI 1.04–1.22). Factors significantly associated with postpartum depression were: anamnesis of depression (aOR 3.32; 95%CI 2.69–4.09), gaining more than 16 kg of weight during pregnancy (aOR 1.48; 95%CI 1.03–2.12), and undergoing a cesarean section (planned: aOR 1.56; 95%CI 1.05–2.29; unplanned: aOR 1.78; 95%CI 1.16–2.73). Multiparity was a protective factor both for baby blues (aOR 0.80; 95%CI 0.70–0.91), and postpartum depression (aOR 0.71; 95%CI 0.51–0.98). No clear seasonality was observed for postpartum depression, while for baby blues a certain aggregation of events was registered during the central months of the year. The authors' study highlighted variables associated with baby blues and postpartum depression to target screening for women for postpartum depressive symptoms.
Postpartum depression – a medical or a social problem?
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 2019
The aim of the study was to identify a group of women needed psychological support after delivery by identifying the medical and social factors that may influence the emotional changes during the postpartum period. Materials and method: A group of835 pregnant women in second, third trimester of pregnancy and during the postpartum period completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the questionnaire consisting of difficulties that might occur in the four life fields: practical, family, emotional and physical. The calculations have been carried out with the statistical package STATISTICA v10 and Cytel Studio v
Postpartum Maternal Emotional Disorders and the Physical Health of Mother and Child
Psychology Research and Behavior Management
The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships between postpartum emotional manifestations and various neonatal variables, as well as variables within this category, in the context of hospitalization together after birth. Patients and Methods: Between 1 March 2020 and 1 September 2020, a cross-sectional research design was used including mother-child couples (112 mothers, 121 newborns-13 twins/triplets). Results: Using a t-test for independent samples, we observed: a) the symptoms of depression were more severe in mothers of newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) [t(110) = 4.334)], provided oxygen therapy [t(109.99) = 3.162], born prematurely [t(110) = 3.157], or with adjustment disorders [t(109) = −2.947] (p < 0.01); b) a similar, for anxiety as a state [t(82.38) = 5.251], t(107.29) = 4.523, t(110) = 3.416, t(109) = −3.268, p < 0.01], and as a trait was more common [t(80.79) = 4.501, t(108.790) = 4.669, t(109) = −3.268, p < 0.001] compared to other mothers. Using Pearson's test (p < 0.001), several very strong correlations were observed between neonatal variables, including number (no.) of days of hospitalization with birth weight (BW) (r = −0.802), head circumference (HC) (r = −0.822), and gestational age (GA) (r = −0.800) and the mother's postpartum anxiety as a state/trait (r = 0.770). Using Poisson regression, it was observed that anxiety as a state (Λ = 0.020, z = 4.029, p < 0.001) and as a trait (Λ = 0.800, z = 6.160, p < 0.001) stimulated the intensity of symptoms of postpartum depression (optimal models). Conclusion: Postpartum maternal psychological manifestations were associated with NICU hospitalization, pathology, and some neonatal therapies. We also noticed, that the duration of hospitalization, BW, HC, and GA, were correlated with maternal emotional disorders. Results will facilitate future optimization of birth management and postnatal care.
Postpartum Depression and the Role of Midwives in Its Early Detection
Open Journal of Nursing, 2020
Transition to being a parent is a stress-producing process that involves adapting both parents and their families even in the most favorable circumstances. Information on the level of psychological adaptation of women and family before and during pregnancy is very important as anxiety and the effects of accumulated life stress can directly affect individual and family well-being in the postnatal period. Especially for women or families facing multiple stresses and limited resources, ensuring security, understanding, compassion and direction may have a significant positive effect during this phase. A sample of 91 women immediately after birth at the Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic (KOGJ) at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK) completed two self-administered questionnaires. Initially, literature on postpartum depression was investigated. Two instruments for this paper have been selected from the range of instruments available for postnatal depression research literature: Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). The introduction and analysis of data is done with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 21 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-SPSS). Failure or frustration and sleep problems are the highest mean postnatal depression indicators 1.8. Then there is fatigue or lack of energy, increased appetite or anorexia and suicidal thoughts and self-esteem with a mean attendance of 1.7 in the post-depression indicator group. Depression or loss of hope and dissatisfaction or interest in activities are in the group of indicators with an average of 1.6. Movement or speech problems and concentration problems are the least affected indicators in the post-depression indicator group, with only 1.5. Our statistics show a relatively high level of postpartum depression, which includes women of all categories without taking into account the economic situation, the level of education or the number of births, the results derived How to cite this paper:
TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2013
To determine the occurrences of depression experienced by women during the postpartum period and the risk factors that affect the development of this depression. Materials and methods: The study involved 330 women who had recently given birth in a hospital in 2007. The women were contacted 3 times in total: on postpartum day 1 (face to face) and in weeks 2 and 6 (by phone). The Edinburgh Scale of Postpartum Depression (EPDS) was used as the form for collecting data. According to the EPDS, women who have scored 13 points or above are sensitive to depression. Results: The EPDS scores of 16.7% of women on postpartum day 1 and 19.4% of women at postpartum weeks 2 and 6 were 13 points or above. It has been determined that the difference of the average of EPDS points is statistically significant according to the factors of educational status, age, desire for the pregnancy, and having difficulty in caring for the baby with the spouse (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is important that nurses provide consultancy services for women about depression during postpartum period.
Comparison of Post-Natal Depression Among Women of Upper, Middle and Lower Socioeconomic Status
International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research
Background: Postnatal Depression (PND) is depression with onset usually 6 weeks of delivery. The prevalence of PND according to western studies is 13-19% and in India rates are 11-26.3%. Socioeconomic Status (SES) is an important determinant of health, nutritional status, mortality and morbidity of an individual. Women belonging to Upper SES have ability to access to all the up to date facilities available in the market required during pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery whereas considering women of lower SES, they lack even the basic of the adequate facilities and access to mental health services and are least likely to report symptoms of depression. This scenario calls for more studies on PND, in an attempt to better understand the disease and its associations, with a view to prevention, early diagnosis and management. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted for duration of 1 year in metropolitan city with a sample size of 300 women between age of 20-30 years also the inclusion criteria consisted of women who had Full term normal vaginal delivery, immediate postpartum to 6 weeks postpartum and primiparous women. Outcome Measures: Women were classified into Upper, Middle and lower SES using the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale. A Score of 26-29-Upper Class, 11-15 middle class and <5 lower class. Women were screened for depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. (EPDS). A score of e"10 on the EPDS was used as a measure of primary outcome, depression. Results: Mean scores of PND was 1.58, 10.58 and 14.80 of upper, middle and lower SES women respectively which was analysed statistically and found to be significant. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is significant difference in the level of postnatal depression when compared between upper, middle and lower socioeconomic status women.
Association of Anxiety and Depression in Postpartum Period: a Hospital Based Evaluative Study
Background: Postpartum period is associated with higher rates for depression, blue and psychosis. Anxiety is also significant. These disorders may have serious implications in the cognitive development of the infant. Many symptoms of both disorders overlap with each other. There is relative lack of data in this area. We tried to estimate postpartum anxiety and depression in a group of women and tried to assess their correlation. Material & Method: 100 women were assessed for depression and anxiety using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, ICD-10 criteria. They were selected on random basis. Analytical statistical methods were utilized. Result: 18% and 15% depression and anxiety were found respectively. Higher maternal age, parity, any post operative history correlated with it significantly. It was found that anxiety and depression are not associated significantly and are distinct categories. However 1% of variance of symptomatologies of depression can be explained by anxiety and 20% of variance of symptomatologies of anxiety can be addressed by that of depression. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are separate clinical conditions having significant prevalence in postpartum period. As anxiety, depression, psychosis all are increased in postpartum period a term Postpartum mood disorder may be proposed. Using easy screening tools by the paramedical workers will help early detection of the cases and it will have long term effect on cognitive development of the infants.
The Prediction of Depression in the Postpartum Period
are Senior Lecturers at the University of Queensland. ABSTR ACT Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy were surveyed to investigate the relationship between potential risk factors for depression and mood states in the postpartum period. Participants were followed from their first antenatal interview until 6 months postpartum. Level of depression was measured at the first interview using the Delusions Signs and Symptoms Inventory (DSSI) and again at 6 months postpartum. A second measure of depression, which was prototypical in nature and related to the maternity blues, was administered retrospectively to cover the 6 month period following parturition. the assessment of independent variables during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period included demographic data and several measures of: neonatal risk, stress and social adjustment. Having excluded from analysis, participants who were depressed at the initial interview a point prevalence for depression of 2.6% (measured by the DSSI) and a prevalence for severe and prolonged postpartum stress of 12.8% (using the prototype measure) was recorded. Data was analysed using categorical modelling techniques and multiple regression analysis. Linear models were constructed to predict, both, DSSI and prototype measures of depression. Predictor variables accounted for 17% of the variance in DSSI scores and only 7% in the prototype measure. Whilst stress and social support formed the core of both models, irrespective of the analysis used, neonatal risk variables were more strongly predictive of 'blues" related depression. Inconsistencies in results are discussed and the need to differentiate between postpartum depression and depression (unrelated to childbirth) occurring in the postpartum period is proposed. Implications for primary prevention are discussed. Recent evidence suggests that women face a greater risk of developing a psychiatric disorder during the postpartum period than has previously been thought. Further, the majority of these disorders have been categorised into three types of dysphoric mood state, namely, the maternity blues, postpartum depressive psychosis and postpartum (postnatal) depression (Hopkins, Marcus & Campbell, 1984.) The maternity blues have been described as a common transitory condition affecting between 50 and 80 percent of postpartum women (
Study of Post Natal Depression in Relation to Mode of Delivery
Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences, 2014
OBJECTIVE: 1.To show whether mode of delivery is associated with postpartum depression on second postpartum day. 2. To show correlation between variables like age, parity, literacy, socioeconomic status, occupation of client, family structure with postpartum depression in study group. METHODS: Study was conducted in Postnatal Ward, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, in conjunction with Department of Psychiatry at Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, from April 2012 to march 2013, included 200 mothers were in control group included 100 mothers who delivered vaginally, not having caesarean section and forceps delivery, study group included 50 patients who had elective caesarean section and 50 patients who had instrumental vaginal delivery. The Bengali translated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used at 2nd postpartum day to assess Post-partum depression (PPD), with a score of ≥12 as the cutoff for PPD. The Statistical software namely SAS 9.2, SPSS 15.0, Stata 10.1, Med Calc 9.0.1, Systat 12.0 and R environment ver.2.11.1 were used for the analysis of the data. RESULTS: Incidence of post-partum depression in present study on 2 nd postpartum day was 9.5% of 200 mothers. Significant association of PPD seen in mothers who were in study group (p=0.03) with 42% of mothers had undergone Caesarean section. History of social violence showed significant association with PPD (p=0.02).literacy, family structure, age, parity, socioeconomic status showed no association. CONCLUSION: Post-partum depression was significantly associated with caesarean section.
Difference in Gender and Childbirth Costs and Their Association With Postpartum Depression
International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences, 2019
Introduction Pregnancy and childbirth are considered as major evolutionary trends for most women. Physical, intrapersonal, and family compatibilities are necessary for the successful adaptation of pregnancy and childbirth. The stresses experienced by an inexperienced mother are extremely much and include disturbances in normal activities (1). Although pregnancy and childbirth are physiological events and pleasant in most cases, they are occasionally accompanied with complications that can be dangerous to the mother and the infant if they are ignored (1,2). Pregnancy triggers a wide variety of emotions in women, ranging from excitement and enthusiasm to anxiety, stress, and depression. Some women experience dramatic fluctuations in their emotions. Previous evidence shows that women who suffer pregnancy complications are more likely to demonstrate depression compared to women with normal pregnancies (3). Postpartum depression is the most common mental health problem among women affecting 10-15% of mothers worldwide (4,5). Postpartum depression is a disorder that occurs in some women between two and six weeks after showing different symptoms such as crying, disappointment, insecure mood, feeling inadequate, loss of appetite, feeling guilty, suicidal thoughts, sleep disturbances, decreased concentration and memory, fatigue, irritability, inability to play a role as a mother, and a feeling of inadequacy in taking care of the infant (6,7). Severe postpartum hormonal changes involve severe mental consequences that range from mild to severe depression afterbirth. This problem can continue if it is not treated after delivery (8). According to the American Psychiatric Association, postpartum depression includes periods of depression occurring during pregnancy or 4 weeks afterbirth (9). Many mothers develop mood disturbances in the first days of childbirth. The mild type of this state with sadness or crying is called postpartum blues. The peak of postpartum blues is up to 5 days after childbirth and then subsides gradually (6). The causes of postpartum blues are not well known. However, some of the possible causes include early lochia, fatigue due to the lack of sleep, fear of reduced attractiveness after childbirth, anxiety about the inability to care for the baby, and a history of depression in the period before delivery. The involvement of hormonal agents such as endorphin, estrogen, and progesterone levels after delivery has also been reported in this regard (9). The more severe type of this disorder, which is characterized by depressed mood, increased anxiety, and insomnia, is called postpartum depression.