Citrus Essential Oils in Aromatherapy: Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms (original) (raw)
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Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences
Citrus essential oil, commonly, known as lime oil, has been widely reported in traditional system of medicine. Industrially, oil is isolated by mainly by hydrodistillation from fruit and peel of Citrus aurantifolia, family, Rutaceae. Cultivation practice of citrus plants dates back for over 4000 years and are one of most valuable fruit crops in the world. In this review, we aim to summarise the phytochemical and biological properties of citrus oil. The literature was collected from various online resources such as e journals, books and magazines. The citrus essential oil is globally used in food industry to impart citric flavour and odour to cuisines. Llime juice and oil is known to possess multiple biological properties including anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antityphoid and hepatoprotective properties. Due to potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, citrus oil is becoming important component of skin care products. The ...
Plants
Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. Citrus essential oils (EOs) consist of several biologically active compounds mainly belonging to the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes classes. These compounds have demonstrated several health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Citrus EOs are obtained mainly from peels, but also from leaves and flowers, and are widely used as flavouring ingredients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. This review focused on the composition and biological properties of the EOs of Citrus medica L. and Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan and their main constituents, limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, li...
Molecules, 2022
In this work, seven Citrus aurantium essential oils (EOs) derived from flavedo of cultivars ‘Canaliculata’, ‘Consolei’, ‘Crispifolia’, ‘Fasciata’, ‘Foetifera’, ‘Listata’, and ‘Bizzaria’ were investigated. EOs were also combined in 1:1 (v/v) ratio to identify possible synergism or antagonism of actions. GC-MS analysis was done to investigate Eos’ phytochemical profiles. The antioxidant activity was studied by using a multi-target approach based on FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene bleaching tests. A great difference was observed in EOs’ phytochemical profiles. d-limonene (33.35–89.17%) was the main monoterpene hydrocarbon, and α-Pinene, β-myrcene, and β-linalool were identified in almost all samples. Among EOs, only C3 showed high quantitative and qualitative variability in its chemical composition. The chemical diversity of EOs was also demonstrated by PCA and HCA statistical analysis. Samples C2, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were statistically similar to each other, while C1 and C3 were chara...
European Journal of Medicinal Plants
The study investigates the therapeutic potential of the Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil extracted from the blossoms of the bitter orange plant by examining its chemical composition, thermal stability, and potency against infectious disease-causing pathogens. Initially, the volatile components of the essential oil were evaluated by obtaining a chromatographic fingerprint using HPTLC and FTIR spectrum identification. Furthermore, a thermal profile of the essential oil was obtained using the thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. A predetermined set of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were used to examine the antibacterial activity of the essential oil. Lastly, its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. The research concluded that the Citrus aurantium var. Amara essential oil exhibits potential therapeutic characteristics which can be further explored through in vivo studies.
Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2019
Introduction: In the Mediterranean Region, essential oil, hydrosol, and ethanol extract of C. aurantium flowers have a long history of usage in different products such as a flavoring agent and an ingredient of many traditional anti-infectious and skin care products. The present study was undertaken to compare the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of essential oil (EO), hydrosol and ethanol extract of Cyprus Citrus aurantium L. flowers. Method: The chemical composition of samples was determined by GC/MS. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). The antimicrobial activity of the samples was determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Result: The EO and ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens which were attributed to the presence of important phytochemical classes such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes. The EO showed higher antimicrobial activity followed by ethanol extract with minimum inhibitory concentrations ≤1562 mg/l and ≤6250 mg/l, respectively, against Amoxycillin resistant Bacillus cereus and other test organisms. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the higher total phenolic (81.37 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (20.34 mg QE/g) were obtained in the ethanol extract with the higher antioxidant activity as compared to EO and hydrosol with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 96.07 g/ml in the DPPH and 66.50 g/ml in the H 2 O 2 assay. A significant correlation (R 2 ≥ 0.94) was found between phenolic content and IC 50 values for DPPH and H 2 O 2 assays. -Cholesta-5,22-dien-3-ol, herboxide isomer and isochiapin-B are reported for the first time for essential oil. Conclusion: Citrus aurantium L. flowers have strong potential for the isolation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for further use in food and medicine industries as natural preservatives.
Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019
The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono-and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.
Molecular Sciences Review Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils
Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica).
GC, GC/MS analysis, and biological effects of Citrus aurantium amara essential oil
Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, 2023
Citrus aurantium amara (sour orange) belongs to one of the largest genera of the Rutaceae family. The species of this genus are consumed worldwide as fresh or in form of beverages. They include well-known crops lemons, oranges, mandarins, grapefruits, and limes. The industrial processing of these fruits produces high amounts of waste (around 50%) which is a valuable source of essential oils. Since they are produced mainly from peel, considered waste, these essential oils have great economic value. In that regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the peel of Citrus aurantium amara, as well as to assess the biological eff ects by the means of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Results of GC and GC/MS analysis characterized this EO as a valuable source of limonene found in the amount of 90.4% of the total. Results of antioxidant activity indicate better inhibition of ABTS•+ (44.93 ±1.45%) compared to the DPPH• (11.03 ±1.08%). Moreover, the results of the antimicrobial assessment using the disc diff usion method displayed low inhibition potency of this essential oil towards G+ and G- bacteria and yeast strains.
2020
Citrus essential oils (EOs) have various bioactivities like antioxidants, with many applications. Antioxidant activities depend on the chemical compositions of the EOs, which are affected by climate, soil, and geographical region. Thus, investigations on chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of Citrus EOs in different countries are valuable. In this study, we distilled EOs from peels of Indonesian-grown Citrus, including C. nobilis, C. limon, C. aurantifolia, C. amblycarpa, and Citrus spp. Chemical compositions of EOs were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), whereas the antioxidant activities were determined by employing 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to elucidate the main contributing compounds for antioxidant activity. The results show that all EOs possess unique chemical characteristics, with limonene as the majority constituent. For antioxidant activities, C. limon and C...
Molecules, 2021
Citrus species of plants are among the most commercially cultivated crops, mainly for their fruit. Besides, the generally consumed flesh inside the fruit, the peel is quite important too. Essential oils extracted from the peel have a history of being used by humankind for centuries. These essential oils are rich in antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Comparative investigation of volatile constituents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were undertaken. The essential oils were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and enantiomeric composition by chiral GC–MS. Similarly, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activities were assayed using the disk diffusion method. The highest extraction yield of 1.83% was observed in Citrus sinensis Osbeck. GC–MS analysis showed limonene (63.76–89.15%), γ-terpinene (0.24–6.43%), β-pinene (0.15–6.09%), linalool (0.35–3.5%), sabinene (0.77–2.1...