Breast Milk Composition and Infant Growth of Exclusively Breast Fed Infants (original) (raw)
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Infant growth, breast milk composition and nutritional status of mother infant pair
isara solutions, 2019
The present longitudinal investigation was carried out to assess infant growth, breast milk composition and nutritional status of lactating mother infant pairs. Thirty urban lactating women 20 to 25 years of age delivered normal full term baby, parity 1-3 consuming traditional supplementary foods and exclusively breast feeding their infants were studied at 10-20(Stage-I), 75-85 (II),135-145(III) and 195-205 (IV) days of postpartum. Dietary survey by 24 hours recall method revealed that mothers modified their diets by including traditional supplementary foods, extra milk and some preparations and restricting some foods during 40-60 days of lactation. Intake of all the nutrients except vitamin C" was either high (336%) or as per the RDA at stage I but reduced subsequently with advancement of lactation (P<0.05). Body weight, skin folds, BMI and body fat increased by II stage and then reduced subsequently but the increase or decrease was non significant (P>0.05). Analysis of breast milk samples revealed that energy protein and fat concentration decreased (P<0.001) while that of lactose increased (P<0.05) with infant age. Concentration of macro and micro minerals was highest at stage I and decreased with infant age (P<0.05). Weight, length and circumferences at head, chest and mid upper arm increased significantly with infant age (P<0.01) and was at par with the standards. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis showed a positive association of maternal intake with their nutritional status, mother's nutritional status with their breast milk composition and best milk composition with infant growth. Results emphasize the significance of traditional supplementary foods for the lactating mothers and exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 and half months for their optimum growth.
The growth and nutritional status of the breast-fed infant
Early Human Development, 1997
The literature on the relationship between early infant feeding and growth shows that after the first 3 or 4 months, breast-fed infants in the developed world are lighter than formula-fed infants with markedly lower adiposity. There is some evidence of a slightly lower rate of lineal growth over the first year or so. These differences in weight and length do not apparently persist beyond the first few years of life. In the developing world the situation is very different. The growth curves of breast-fed infants of malnourished mothers may falter between the third and sixth month of life. However, the generally poor quality of the supplementary foods offered in the developing world and the increased risk of diarrhoeal infections mean that supplementary feeding before the age of 6 months is unlikely to lead to a growth advantage and may well lead to growth faltering. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants
The Journal of Pediatrics, 1984
Milk intake and growth in 45 exclusively breast-fed infants were documented during the first 4 months of life. Energ)' and protein intakes were substantially less than current nutrient allowances. Energy intake declined significantly from I10 • 24 kcal/kg/da.v at I month to 71 +. 17 kcal/kg/day at 4 months. Protein intake decreased from 1.6 +. 0.3 gm/kg/day at I month to 0.9 +--0.2 gm/kg/day at 4 months. Infant growth progressed satisfactorily, compared with National Center for Health Statistics standards. ,4 reevaluation of energy and protein intakes and allowances during infano' is merited. (J PEDtArR 104:187, 1984) NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES DURING INFANCY are based On empirical observations of the intakes of thriving infants? .2 There is a discrepancy, however, between the amounts of human milk required to meet these allowances and the usual rates of milk production. The Food Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization and National Research Council recommendations for energy and protein require that an infant weighing 4.55 kg and younger than 3 months of age consume 817 gm milk per day to meet energy needs estimated at 120 kcal/kg/day. The infant weighing 6.65 kg and aged 3 to 5 months would require 1141 gm milk per day to meet the recommended amount of 115 kcal/kg/day. The latter quantity is not representative of observed rates of human milk production, which range from 600 to 900 gm/day, 3s although extraordinarily high milk outputs akin to levels produced by a wet nurse 9 have been cited, t~ The amount of human milk necessary to fulfill protein recommendations requires similarly high yields. In spite of the discrepancy between reported rates of usual milk production and amounts estimated to meet nutrient allowances, exclusive breast-
Breastfeeding and growth of healthy infants followed from birth to 18 months
African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2020
Optimal nutrition and regular growth assessment are essential components of healthcare for all children in order to detect early problems related to their nutritional status before they are seriously compromised. The objective of our study was to describe the feeding and growth of healthy breastfeeding infants (0-18 months) in North East of Algeria. A prospective and descriptive study of the observational type was conducted, in the service of maternal and child protection at the public health establishment of Skikda (Algeria). The population constituted mothers and their infants (1-3 months) who presented for the first or second immunization visit and were followed up to 18 months. Data were collected by interviewing mothers using an adapted WHO (2004) questionnaire according to visits of the Algerian vaccination calendar (1 st , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 9 th and 18 th months). Children were monitored for breastfeeding, complementary feeding and growth. Monitoring growth from birth (1, 3, 4, 5, 9 and 18 months) was done by taking anthropometric measurements (weight, height and head circumference), the evaluation of motor development and the calculation of anthropometric growth indices according to WHO standards (2006, 2007): weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A), weight/height (W/H), body mass index/age (BMI/A) and head circumference/age (HC/A). A total of 159 infants were enrolled, including 83 (52.2%) girls, giving a sex ratio of 0.92. From 1 to 5 months, exclusive and predominant breastfeeding did not differ by sex (p>0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 15.7% of infants at the first month versus 7.5% at 5 months. Predominant breastfeeding increased from 84.3% in the first month to 92.5% at 5 months, while complementary feeding started from four months. All mothers continued partial breastfeeding for up to one year. All children had normal motor development. Weight status (4-18 months) did not differ by sex (p>0.05). At the end of the study, 5.8% of the infants showed body wasting, lean (4.8%), stunted (2.7%) while 83.8% were within the normal weight range. To improve the nutritional status of Algerian infants, the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and management of their diet is necessary by provision of a diversified complementary diet, which includes all macro and micronutrients, meets all energy and nutritional needs and teaches them good eating habits and behaviors.
Breast Milk Macronutrients in Relation to Infants’ Anthropometric Measures
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020
BACKGROUND: Breast milk (BM) is the main nutritional source for newborns before they are capable to eat and consume other foods. BM has carbohydrates, lipids, complex proteins, and other biologically active components which have a direct effect on infant growth. AIM: The aim of the study was to correlate anthropometric data of the infant to macronutrients in BM (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and to find some modifiable issues affecting macronutrient contents of BM for the benefits of upcoming infants. METHODS: One hundred breastfeeding mothers participated in the study, they were recruited from the outpatient clinic, El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University, from September 2019, to December 2019. BM was expressed by an electric pump, macronutrient content was assessed. Anthropometric data of the babies and mothers were obtained, gestational age, parity, age of the women, and the route of birth were recorded. RESULTS: For the macronutrients content of milk, a positive significa...
2018
Background : maternal nutrition and breast milk nutrient concentration are associated with infant's growth. Enhanced knowledge encourages mothers to breast feed for the sake of optimizing growth and development. Methods : the current study was performed longitudinally in some rural areas, south of Iran, from birth to six months. Out of 319 candidates with serial anthropometric measurements of an infant, including weight, height, and head circumference at four times (birth, two, four, and six months ), 195 were included in the multivariate regression model (total measurements, n=776) to construct the pattern of growth. Then, information regarding demographic background, lactation status and infant supplementation intake status, feeding practices, maternal anthropometric measurements, and food frequency questionnaire were collected from mothers and their children during six months in two rural health centers. Results : The most important association between dietary factors and inf...
isara solutions, 2014
India has been the home for ageless culinary art, having rich heritage of a wide variety of traditional foods. The practice of using traditional supplemental foods (TSF) in the diet of lactating mothers has been in India for ages. These foods are believed to stimulate milk production and unknowingly supply nutrients to meet the additional needs of lactation. On the other hand breast feeding practices are in transition i.e. a decreasing trend in urban mothers which may lead to overweight or obesity or may cause difficulty in initiation and continuation of breast feeding. The present longitudinal investigation was carried out to assess changes in body composition in mothers over the period of six months of lactation. Thirty urban lactating women 20 to 25 years of age delivered normal full term baby, parity 1-3 consuming traditional supplementary foods and exclusively breast feeding their infants were studied at 10-20(Stage-I), 75-85 (II),135-145(III) and 195-205 (IV) days of postpartum. Dietary survey by 24 hours recall method revealed that mothers modified their diets by including traditional supplementary foods, extra milk and some preparations and restricting some foods during 40-60 days of lactation. Intake of all the nutrients except vitamin C" was either high (336%) or as per the RDA at stage I but reduced subsequently with advancement of lactation (P<0.05). Body weight, skin folds, BMI and body fat increased by II stage and then reduced subsequently but the increase or decrease was non significant (P>0.05). Correlation coefficient and regression analysis showed a positive association of maternal food and nutrient intake with their nutritional status. Results emphasize the significance of traditional supplementary foods for the lactating mothers and exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 and half months for their optimum growth.
International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2014
Background: The assessment of Nutritional status of infants, aged 0-6 Months (Exclusively breastfed and nonexclusively breastfed) was conducted at Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Ogui, Enugu State, Nigeria. The aim of the survey was to find out if mothers truly practice exclusive breastfeeding, the ratio of mothers who practice exclusive breastfeeding to those who do not, to compare the nutritional status of infants who were breastfed exclusively with those who were not and to find out factors that discouraged mothers from practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Methodology: Structured questionnaires were validated by Dietitians and administered. The questionnaires were administered to two hundred mothers who were randomly selected. Anthropometric measurements (weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference) of babies were taken and recorded. The data collected were analyzed using statistical methods, which included mean, chi square, t-test, z-score, correlations, frequencies and percentages. Result: The study, revealed that (194) mothers breastfed their babies generally while (6) did not. One hundred and Sixty four (82%) practiced exclusive breastfeeding and 15% (30) did not breastfeed their babies exclusively. There was significant relationship between the levels of mothers' education and nutritional status of the infants. The mean age of the males exclusively breastfed was (9.86) while that of the females was (9.74) and the mean length was (61.96) and (60.92) receptively. The result of the anthropometric measurements showed that most of the parameters were better in exclusively breastfeed than in nonexclusively breastfeed infants though in some of the parameters, they were similar or better. The result of Z-scores for weight of male infants exclusively breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed were the same, while the length of the exclusively breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed were 30% and 26% respectively. Wrong concept of exclusive breastfeeding and its wrong application were found to be the major factors affecting nutritional status of infants.
Nutrients, 2021
Growth and nutrition during early life have been strongly linked to future health and metabolic risks. The Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS), a longitudinal birth cohort of 2229 mother–infant pairs, was set up in 2001 to investigate early life determinant factors of infant growth and body composition in the UK setting. To carry out extensive profiling of breastmilk intakes and composition in relation to infancy growth, the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) was established upon the original CBGS. The strict inclusion criteria were applied, focusing on a normal birth weight vaginally delivered infant cohort born of healthy and non-obese mothers. Crucially, only infants who were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 weeks of life were retained in the analysed study sample. At each visit from birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and then at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, longitudinal anthropometric measurements and blood spot collections were conducted. Infant body composition ...
British Journal of Nutrition
Growth patterns of breastfed infants show substantial inter-individual differences, partly influenced by breast milk (BM) nutritional composition. However, BM nutritional composition does not accurately indicate BM nutrient intakes. This study aimed to examine the associations between both BM intake volumes and macronutrient intakes with infant growth. Mother–infant dyads (n 94) were recruited into the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) from a single maternity hospital at birth; all infants received exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) for at least 6 weeks. Infant weight, length and skinfolds thicknesses (adiposity) were repeatedly measured from birth to 12 months. Post-feed BM samples were collected at 6 weeks to measure TAG (fat), lactose (carbohydrate) (both by 1H-NMR) and protein concentrations (Dumas method). BM intake volume was estimated from seventy infants between 4 and 6 weeks using dose-to-the-mother deuterium oxide (2H2O) turnover. In the full cohort and a...