The Effectiveness of Environmental Spending in China and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (original) (raw)
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A projected turning point in China's CO2 emissions: an Environmental Kuznets Curve analysis
International Journal of Global Warming, 2012
This paper examines the possible existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between China's carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions per capita (CO 2 /capita) and GDP per capita (GDP/capita) in 1980-2008. The timing of the turning point in China's CO 2 /capita can be further estimated if an EKC relationship exists. In regression results, a natural logarithm-quadratic relationship was found between CO 2 /capita and GDP/capita, which supports the EKC hypothesis. However, China's CO 2 emissions are still on a growing track until around 2078 in the empirical analysis. More importantly, CO 2 emissions will not spontaneously decrease if China continues to develop its economy without adopting instruments for mitigating climate change. China's wealth gap and its role in international trade are discussed as two possible factors to affect EKC hypothesis. Therefore, domestic income inequality reduction and international negotiations to allocate clear responsibilities between China and developed countries for CO 2 emissions associated with China's product exports are suggested to the further efforts.
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The present study contributes to the ongoing debate on environmental sustainability and the low-carbon agenda in terms of an analysis of a relatively new international association, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Based on panel data from SCO countries from 2000 to 2020, the hypothesis of the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was tested. The results showed the validity of the EKC hypothesis for the SCO countries; in particular, the gross domestic product and natural resource rents have a connection with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while trade openness, foreign direct investment and the use of renewable energy sources reduce GHG emissions in the long term. It was also found that the effect of economic growth on GHG emissions in the long term in the SCO countries has the form of an inverse N-curve. Based on the analysis performed, recommendations are offered to improve energy policy in the field of alternative energy sources, natural resources—rents on...
Business & management studies: an international journal, 2024
This research paper attempts to determine the effect of fossil fuel, renewable energy, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions and revisits China's Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The time series analysis will be performed for the years 1990 to 2020. To begin, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) tests will be performed to verify the series' stationarity. Second, the cointegration test will be utilized to determine the validity of a cointegration vector before performing the Fully Modified Least Square approach to conduct long-and short-term estimation. The empirical analysis illustrates that renewable energy negatively and significantly affects short-and long-run carbon dioxide emissions. However, fossil fuel consumption only positively and significantly affects carbon dioxide emissions in the short run. The empirical evidence supports the Environment Kuznets Curve's hypothesis in China. Fossil fuel consumption has a considerably higher effect on carbon dioxide emissions than renewable energy. To avoid ecological damage in China, authorities must pay more consideration to encouraging the use of energy from renewable sources. This demonstrates that China's overall environmental performance first deteriorates before gradually improving with economic growth.
This research paper attempts to determine the effect of fossil fuel, renewable energy, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions and revisits China's Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The time series analysis will be performed for the years 1990 to 2020. To begin, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) tests will be performed to verify the series' stationarity. Second, the cointegration test will be utilized to determine the validity of a cointegration vector before performing the Fully Modified Least Square approach to conduct long-and short-term estimation. The empirical analysis illustrates that renewable energy negatively and significantly affects short-and long-run carbon dioxide emissions. However, fossil fuel consumption only positively and significantly affects carbon dioxide emissions in the short run. The empirical evidence supports the Environment Kuznets Curve's hypothesis in China. Fossil fuel consumption has a considerably higher effect on carbon dioxide emissions than renewable energy. To avoid ecological damage in China, authorities must pay more consideration to encouraging the use of energy from renewable sources. This demonstrates that China's overall environmental performance first deteriorates before gradually improving with economic growth.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability in the People’s Republic of China by empirically estimating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) models using provincial-level panel data from 1985 to 2005. The results show that there exists an inverted-U shaped relationship as hypothesized by the EKC model between per capita income and per capita emissions (or discharges) in
An Empirical Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in China
Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory, the author seeks to empirically test the theory with data from 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2016. This paper adds value to past research, which has predominantly focused on developed countries. Five representative pollution indices are investigated in this paper, giving a fuller picture of how economic growth interact with different types of pollution. With a fixed effects model, this paper concludes that the relationship between economic growth and pollution does not necessarily follow the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Instead, it depends on the choice of regions, pollution indices, and time period.
Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in China: A Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2017
We apply a two pronged approach to analyze the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC, in three types of emissions in the People's Republic of China from 1994 to 2014: a structural breakpoint analysis and a model based test. We apply it to PM 2.5 , industrial waste and domestic water pollution time series, and find evidence of EKC in all three types of emissions that require appropriate policy.
Summary Economic growth has been one of the most important political goals in China since the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. The successful increase in economic welfare in China was accompanied by a decoupling of economic growth and energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The absolute values of these emissions has increased considerably. Two questions arise against this backdrop: what are the main factors behind the decoupling of economic growth and these energy-related emissions, and what is the impact of each of these factors on the rise in emissions? This paper aims to determine and analyse these factors, which are population, per-capita income, total CO2 or SO2 intensity of the primary energy supply, and the energy intensity of GDP. Factor decomposition reveals that the growth in per-capita income and the reduction in energy intensity have the largest balancing impact on energy consumption and emissions in China. The re...
Environment Kuznets curve for CO 2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China
Energy Policy, 2009
This study examines the long-run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption, income and foreign trade in the case of China by employing time series data of 1975–2005. In particular the study aims at testing whether environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita real GDP holds in the long run or not. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is employed for empirical analysis. A quadratic relationship between income and CO2 emission has been found for the sample period, supporting EKC relationship. The results of Granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to CO2 emissions. The results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run. Trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on CO2 emissions.