BIOACCUMULATION OF CHROMIUM IN CIRRHINUS MRIGALA (original) (raw)
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The study was carried out with intents to measure the relative bioconcentration of chromium (Cr 6+) in different vital organs, and to assess the effect of chromium on hematology in Cirrhinus mrigala. The fingerlings of C. mrigala were exposed to different concentrations of Cr 6+ (LC 50 for 96 h was estimated as 52.187 mg L-1) in the form of K 2 Cr 2 O 7. For sub-lethal toxicity test, the fish were exposed to different concentrations of T0 (without chromium), T1 (3.479 mg L-1 Cr 6+), T2: 5.218 mg L-1 Cr 6+), and T3 (10.437 mg L-1 Cr 6+) for 60 days. For estimation of bioaccumulation, the various vital organs (muscle, gills and liver) and haematological parameters, peripheral blood was collected. The chromium-exposed fish showed significantly (p<0.05) high chromium concentration in liver (61.91±0.73 µg g-1) followed by gills (16.67±0.08 µg g-1) and muscle (8.97±0.06 µg g-1). The effects of chromium on various haematological parameters showed a significant (p>0.05) decreased in the red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) at the end of 60 days when compared to the control, whereas the white blood cells (WBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) significantly (p<0.05) increased in the Cr 6+ exposed groups. The abnormalities measured during this study are principally imperative because they are associated with bioaccumulation in vital tissues, impaired haematology at sub-lethal concentrations of Cr 6+ which provides the early diagnostic tools to detect the toxicity of chromium pollution in aquatic environment.
A comprehensive review on chromium induced alterations in fresh water fishes
Toxicology Reports, 2018
Chromium is considered as one of the most common ubiquitous pollutants in the aquatic environment, but the pure metallic form is absent naturally. There are three oxidation states in case of Chromium viz., Cr (II), Cr (III), Cr (VI). Among which Cr (II) is most unstable. Cr (III) and Cr (VI) are the stable oxidation state of Chromium in the environment. Being one of the commonly used metals Chromium and its particulates enter the aquatic medium through effluents discharged from different industries like textiles, tanneries, electroplating workshops, ore mining, dyeing, printing-photographic and medical industries. Among these, hexavalent chromium is considered as the most toxic form because it readily passes cellular membranes and then reduced to trivalent form. This trivalent chromium combines with several macromolecules including genetic material inside the cytosol, and is ultimately exposes the toxic and mutagenic alterations due of chromium toxicity. Chromium is taken up either through gastrointestinal tract or respiratory tract. The amount varies depending upon the medium and the form of chromium. In this review, an attempt has been made to accumulate the mammoth available data regarding impact of chromium on fresh water fishes into a systematic representation. The main objective of the review is to provide a future guideline for the scientific community and public officials involved in health risk assessment and management ensuring a better environmental condition for human health. CrO 7 −2 which are involved in reversible transformation [14].
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of chromium (Cr) in terms of 96 h LC 50 and lethal concentrations, to three age groups viz. 60, 120 and 240 day of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala at constant water temperature (30 o C), pH (7.50) and total hardness (300 mg L-1). At termination of each trial, the fish were dissected and their organs viz. bones, gills, gut, intestine, kidney, liver, scales, skin, muscle and fats were isolated for the determination of metal concentrations. Sixty days old fish species showed significantly higher sensitivity to Cr in terms of both LC 50 and lethal concentrations of 74.35 and 122.19 mg L-1 , respectively, while 240 days old fish were significantly least sensitive. However, among three fish species L. rohita was significantly greater sensitive to Cr, followed by C. mrigala and C. catla. Significant variations in the sensitivity of C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala to Cr appeared to be species specific depending upon metal exposure concentration, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. Fish organs showed greater variations in ability to concentrate Cr during acute exposures. However, liver and kidney exhibited significantly higher tendencies as 47.94 and 40.48 µg g-1 to accumulate Cr.
Effect of tannery wastewater exposure on chromium detected in the gill of oreochromis niloticus
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
This study aims to analyze the bioaccumulation of chromium (Chromium) contained in the gill of Oreochromis niloticus L. due to exposure to wastewater from a leather tanning industry in West Sumatra. Tilapia was exposed to the wastewater for 30 days, and Chromium concentration was measured in the gill of tilapia with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The variation of wastewater used was 1.85% and 3.69% of the LC-50 96 hour. The results showed that the BCF value was <100 for both variations. It can be concluded that Oreochromis niloticus L. has low bioaccumulation of chromium contained in tannery wastewater.
2017
Catla catla, the fresh water carp fish, fingerlings when exposed to different sublethal concentrations of chromium for a different periods1, 8, 16, 32 days of time brought changes in the structure and morphology of the nonosmatic organs such as liver. In trivalent chromium exposed fish, in the liver a few pathological changes were seen during the initial days of exposure and then structural reorganization observed in later days of exposure, The degenerative changes observed in the liver of the fish exposed to the sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium were the disarray of liver cords, dilation of sinusoids, vacuolization in liver tissue, etc., all these changes confirmed structural disruption by hexavalent chromium ions on prolonged
Chromium (Cr) is a common pollutant of freshwater bodies in India, and is frequently detected in high concentrations in edible fish. Bioassays were carried out in the laboratory to determine acute the toxicity and pattern of accumulation of Cr in three species of freshwater fish. The 96-h LC 50 value of Cr for Labeo bata, Puntius sarana, and Catla catla was found respectively as 7.33, 10.37, and 31.61 mg/L. Concentrations of Cr in water, sediments, and fish, during a period of 28 d of exposure to 0, 0.73, and 2.19 mg/L of Cr, varied with exposure period, concentration of Cr, presence of weed, and species of fish exposed. Polynomial regressions obtained by drawing polynomial curves revealed that the aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes prevented gradual decrease of Cr concentrations in water, but reduced the accumulation of Cr in L. bata and Catla catla. However, the effect of the weed on Puntius sarana was not apparent. The pattern of Cr deposition on sediments was also inconsistent. To explain interactions between environment and fish in a very precise manner, polynomial and multiple regression curves were simultaneously used. When polynomial curves were replaced by multiple regression curves, it was revealed that the aquatic weed E. crassipes could reduce Cr accumulation in Puntius sarana also.
The present research and experimental study were conducted out in order to know the rate of bioaccumulation of Chromium (Cr (III) in the gills, intestine, and skin and its acute toxicity to goldfish (Carassius auratus) fingerlings by using Chromium Chloride salt solution. During this experiment goldfish fingerlings were exposed for 96 hours to Chromium chloride salt by preparing a stock solution from 4.6g of greenish chromium chloride salt. The dose of chemicals provides to the fingerlings are increasing day by day, i.e. 4ppm, 6ppm, 8ppm and 12ppm chemical is added to the test group aquarium at 24, 48,72, and 96 hours of experiment respectively. The increase in the concentration of chromium chloride salt solution brought about various morphological and behavioral changes, but no mortality occurs in goldfish fingerlings. When the fish regulatory system responds to the toxicants, it regulates the level of chromium in the fish body. The result shows that the rate of accumulation of chromium in Gills > Intestine > Skin of gold fish. The behavioral change occurs in the fish is that all the fingerlings of goldfish come to the corner of the aquarium and their appetite also decrease due to chemical effect. Out of total 10 fingerlings none of the fish died during the experiment. No mortality occurs because they were subjected to the sub lethal concentration during 96 hours exposure respectively. The above observation conclude that the chromium has toxic effects on goldfish fingerlings, and also on other fish and animals. Introduction The term fish are most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills through life and has limbs in the shape of fins [1]. A typical fish is a cold blooded animal that lives in water, breathes with the help of gills usually has scales and fins for swimming. They live under the water and are dependent on water for the dissolved oxygen. It also includes the living hag fish, lampreys and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. On the basis of temperature maintenance Fishes are divided into two types, the Cold blooded Fish and The Warm blooded Fish. The Fish meat is considered an important source of protein for good human health. In 2009 survey, the fish meat accounted for 16.6 %of the world population's intake of animal's protein and 6.5 % of all protein consumed. Worldwide, the fish provide round about 3.0 billion peoples with almost 20 % of their intact of animal protein, and the 4.3 billion people with about 15 % of such protein. Capture fisheries and aquaculture provide the world about 148 million tons of fish meat in 2010 and 154 million tons in 2011. Fats in fish are useful for patients of cardiovascular disease the reason behind this is that the Fats in fish is different from other food, because it has omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [2]. It is a source of two different kinds of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are i.e. the eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and the docosahexenoic acid (DHA) [3]. These two Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids are very much useful and important for the normal growth; it reduces the cholesterol levels in the human body and also controls high blood pressure and also the incidence of heart disease, stroke, and premature delivery. Omega-3 fatty acids are the main component of fish which lowers the risk of age related muscular degeneration and vision impairment, also decreases the risk of bowel cancer, and helpful to reduce skeletal muscle against insulin. AHA (American Heart Association) recommended fish use for people at least two times per week to ensure the daily required intake of the important omega-3 fatty acids [4] .
Toxic Effect Of Chromium On Gills Of Cyprinid Fish, Cyprinus Carpio
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish Sampling and Acclimation 100 specimens of gulfam, Cyprinus carpio (4-5cm TL) were obtained live from fish hatchery Chilya (District Thatta). The fish were brought to the laboratory in the plastic bags, filled with oxygen. The fish were kept in glass aquaria for acclimatization to the laboratory condition for a week before the start of experiment. The fish were fed daily with the pellet feed containing rice protein.
Experiment on bioaccumulation of chromium (Cr) in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala was conducted from January through May, 2015. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected on monthly basis from upstream and downstream of head Trimmu, river Chenab. Throughout the study period, mmaximum Cr concentrations from upstream and downstream were recorded as 23.54± 3.43 mg/L and 21.12 ± 3.47 mg/L, respectively. Average metal concentration detected from sediment samples was 71.08±8.32 mg/L. Maximum Cr concentration 81.72±2.54 was recorded during February while minimum 61.24±1.23 mg/L during May. Among all the three fish species, maximum metal concentration was accumulated by Cirrhinus mrigala followed by Catla catla and Labeo rohita. Among fish organs, maximum Cr concentration 4.75±0.78 (µg/g) was recorded from liver whereas minimum 1.10±0.21 (µg/g) from muscles of the fish.