Vpeljava plavžev in vzpon idrijskega rudnika = Introduction of Blast Furnaces and the Rise of the Idrija Mine (original) (raw)
Related papers
Creating New Opportunities for an old Mining Region: the Case of Idrija (Slovenia)
2015
Five hundred years of mercury mining in the town of Idrija in western Slovenia resulted in a highly polluted and degraded landscape. In recent decades and especially since the closure of the mine in the mid-1990s, the town experienced a somewhat successful transition into other more environmentally friendly industries. The mine itself underwent a transition into a museum and, together with the wider region, became a »geopark« and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The History of Mercury Production in the Mine of Idrija, Slovenia
2nd Intern. Conf. "Archaometallurgy in Europe", Aquileia - Italy, 2009
The mercury mine of Idrija in western Slovenia was the second largest in the world after the famous mine of Almadén in Spain. Extraction of cinnabar began at Idrija in the early post-medieval period and continued until the plant was closed in 1995. This paper examines the earlier (16 th -18 th century) developments in the extraction of mercury ores in Idrija and compares this both with the different methods of distillation of mercury employed in antiquity, and with the distillation techniques described in the 16 th century by Vannoccio Biringuccio, Georg Agricola and Lazarus Ercker.
Med fužinarstvom in industrializacijo = Between Traditional Ironworking and Industrialisation
Ko zapoje kovina. Tisočletja metalurgije na Slovenskem = The Song of Metal. Millennia of Metallurgy in Slovenia, 2019
Between the second half of the 18th century and the end of the First World War, metallurgy in Slovenian territory went through numerous changes and technical innovations that left a considerable mark on metallurgical production facilities and the places in which they operated. If at the beginning of the 19th century these facilities had a rather “mediaeval” look to them, their appearance a hundred years later was considerably closer to what they looked like in the last decades of the 20th century. In comparison to previous centuries, the centre of ironmaking, at least in the technological sense, moved from Upper Carniola to Slovenian Carinthia and Styria. Upper Carniola was only able to catch up with them again towards the end of the 19th century, when ironmaking activities in the region were confined to only one settlement that, precisely in this time, underwent a transformation into a major ironmaking centre. In addition to the iron industry, other sectors worth highlighting are lead and zinc production, which experienced an expansion thanks to the lead smelters in Mežica and Litija and the zinc working plants in Celje.
Ekonomska i ekohistorija, 2023
The paper addresses the utilisation and management of natural resources, particularly forests, for ironmaking purposes in Slovenian lands. Until the 19th century, wood charcoal was the primary fuel used for iron extraction and processing. With the development of intensive ironmaking, charcoal consumption began to increase, but until the 16th century, it did not pose significant threats to the existence of forests. Proprietors of ironmaking plants had to obtain permission from seigniories to use forests, and in return, they paid dues that varied across different seigniories. From the late 15th century, disputes related to logging for charcoal production became more frequent, involving conflicts among ironworkers from different seigniories and between ironworkers and a seigniory. The latter resulted from enforcing the princely mining regalia and forest ownership in mining areas. The territorial prince reinforced this ownership through the issuance of mining regulations in 1517, 1553, and 1575, which also provided instructions for forest management. Each successive mining regulations contained more detailed provisions regarding deforestation, indicating a growing number of areas deforested for ironmaking purposes. The last part of the paper attempts to estimate the annual charcoal consumption and deforestation rate for ironmaking needs in Carniola and Gorizia, as well as the Jesenice ironmaking area, in the late 16th century. Due to the scarcity of preserved sources documenting charcoal consumption, and consequently the use of numerous more or less reliable variables in the calculation, the obtained results should be approached with a considerable degree of critical distance. Nevertheless, the estimates suggest that even during this period, relatively extensive forest areas had to be cleared for iron extraction and processing.
Archeologické rozhledy LXX-2018
Socioekonomické determinanty výroby železa na polských územích v době římské Fenomén hutnických center převorské kultury Szymon Orzechowski Metallurgical activity of the peoples living in the area known as Germania Magna is characterized by an extensive and ad hoc nature which clearly is different from the centralized Roman production model. In the so-called Barbarian parts of Europe however, there were regions where there was a specialized and identifiably large mass production of iron. On Polish lands three such centres were active-in the Holy Cross Mountains, in West Masovia and in some regions of Silesia. The presence within a single cultural unit of several large metallurgical centres functioning on the basis of different organizational patterns is a unique phenomenon and warrants reflection upon the causes of their creation and the meaning of production for their neighbouring areas. These enormous logistical projects indicate the existence of yet unknown to us interdependent social structures of large work teams in the population, evident over a period of several generations. Their reconstruction can help us understand at least some aspects of the social and economic life on Polish lands towards the end of antiquity. ancient metallurgy-Przeworsk culture-metallurgical centres-social structures Hutnická činnost lidí žijících v oblasti známé jako Germania Magna se vyznačuje rozsahem a ad hoc cha rakterem, který se jasně odlišuje od centralizovaného římského modelu výroby. V tzv. barbarských částech Evropy však existovaly regiony, kde probíhala specializovaná masová výroba železa. Na polských územích působila tři taková centra-ve Svatokřížských horách, v západním Mazovsku a v některých oblastech Slezska. Přítomnost několika velkých metalurgických center v rámci jedné kulturní jednotky, fungujících na základě různých organizačních vzorů, je jevem výjimečným a opravňuje k úvahám o příčinách jejich vzniku a o vý znamu výroby pro sousední oblasti. Tyto obrovské logistické projekty naznačují existenci dosud neznámé vzájemně závislé sociální struktury velkých pracovních týmů po dobu několika generací. Jejich rekonstruk ce nám může pomoci pochopit alespoň některé aspekty společenského a ekonomického života na polských územích v době římské. starověké hutnictví-převorská kultura-metalurgická centra-sociální struktury Enormous progress that has taken place in archeo-metallurgical research in recent years, has also led to a very worrying phenomenon which is associated with the gradual dehuma-nization of the discipline. Fascinated with the opportunities offered by natural sciences, we gradually lose sight of man and the complex socioeconomic and political processes which created the reality surrounding him, and decided about the development of the field of economy that interests us-metallurgy. The archaeological community has ceased to
The Beginnings of Iron Smelting in the Area of the Przeworsk Culture
in: M. Brumlich - E. Lehnhardt - M. Meyer (eds.), The Coming of Iron. The Beginnings of Iron Smelting in Central Europe./ Proceedings of the International Conference Freie Universität Berlin Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi 19—21 October 2017. BAF 18 (Rahden/Westf. 2020) 155-173. , 2020
The contribution deals with the problem of pre-Roman iron smelting in the area of the Przeworsk culture. Although small-scale production must be assumed for the younger pre-Roman Iron Age, reliable evidence for iron smelting using bog iron ores only begins to appear at the transition to the Roman period (A3/B1). The appearance of this technology in the archaeological record seems to be related to a supraregional phenomenon associated with the transformation phase from the La Tène period to the Roman period in Central Europe. The good exchange relationships, presumably in the context of the ‘Amber Road’, may have been a major factor working against an intensification of iron smelting activity in the Polish territory until the end of the younger pre-Roman Iron Age and the decline of the La Tène culture.
Стефан Димитров, Нови сведения за развитието на рударството в българските земи през XV-XVI в., 2020
In modern historiography lacks a comprehensive study on the history of ore-mining and on the demographic and economic characteristics of the ore-miners in Sakar mountain in the XV-XVI centuries. The only research on these issues is the work by Elena Grozdanova and Stefan Andreev "Through the History of Mining and Metallurgy in the Bulgarian lands in the XVth -XIXth centuries. " In this work, the authors on the grounds of different types of published and unpublished Ottoman-Turkish documents survey and analyze the characteristics of the ore-mining settlements on the Bulgarian and Balkan territories, the organization of work, the population categories with specific obligations, involved in the mining and processing of ore, etc. The territorial frame of the survey comprises mainly ore-places and furnaces, located in present-day western Bulgaria, Eastern Serbia and Macedonia and Northern Greece. We must point out that the study does not contain information about mining settlements in Sakar mountain in the XVth-XVIth centuries. Much of this is due to the lack of documents for this chronological period that could attest to the presence of miners in these lands. Ottoman-Turkish unpublished documents from the collections of the Oriental Department of the National Library "St. St. Cyril and Methodius”, the Central State Archives in Sofia and Ottoman Archive (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi)-Istanbul will be tracked and translated with the implementation of this paper; documents, which give information about the existence of ore-mining settlements in Sakar mountain. Therefore, a study on these problematic issues is required that will provide answers to the numerous questions, related to the ethnic and religious, social and occupational structure of the population of the settlements in this part of the Balkan Peninsula.
Obuditev in razvoj metalurških dejavnosti = Revival and Development of Metallurgical Activities
Ko zapoje kovina. Tisočletja metalurgije na Slovenskem = The Song of Metal. Millennia of Metallurgy in Slovenia, 2019
During the Late Middle Ages, a number of fields experienced processes that continue to have a profound influence on our current society, economy, and culture. Metallurgy, and in particular ironworking, was one of those areas. In many areas we now associate with the mining and processing of metals and production of metal objects, these activities began during the Middle Ages, particularly the Late Middle Ages.
Ancient Metallurgy in Slovenia and surroundings
in: Argo 53/1, Journal of the Slovene Museums, 2010
ARGO 53/1 2010 56 Slovenia has always occupied a very important position in the trade and exchange of metals, as demonstrated by the very significant hoards and finds, dated to the Late Bronze Age, studied by Neva Trampuž Orel. 1 Such extensive research on ancient metallurgy (extensive in proportion to the size of the country) has not been carried out in any other region of Europe. N. Trampuž Orel's investigation determined the technology of prehistoric metallurgy and evidenced the differences in the alloys in this area and in West Europe. This also allows comparisons with other regions, such as Central Italy, France, and the Alps. More importantly, the study of metal hoards from different periods offers clues on the trade in metals in the Alps. A fact relevant to the present paper is that hoards dated to the 13 th and 12 th centuries BC were produced with quite pure copper, while the copper of those dated to the 11 th -10 th centuries came from fahlores and contains As, Sb, Ni, and Co. N. Trampuž Orel and her team pointed out that these pick-shaped ingots are different from other European regions: they have no shaft hole, show a composition with high As, Sb, Ni and Co contents that is typical of the Grauwacken area, and reveal connections between pick ingots and jewellery such as wheel pendants and necklaces. 2 These data have been very important for my researches in Italy and in particular in Emilia Romagna, where there are parallels in the Villanovan graves, with fragments of pick ingots and a silvery fibula, made of this metal. 3 The silvery surface is an effect of the segregation phenomenon with feeders coming up from the inside of the semi-molten mass. This metal is rich in As and Sb and has a silvery colour. 4 In this period there was a lot of interest in silver (Ag), a rather new material in this part of Europe. In the Villanovan cemeteries in Emilia Romagna several Ag ornaments have been 1 Neva Trampuž Orel, Spektrometrične raziskave depojskih najdb pozne bronaste dobe / Spectrometric research of the Late Bronze Age Hoard Finds, Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe bakrene in bronaste dobe na Slovenskem II / Hoards and Individual Metal Ancient metallurgy in Slovenia and surroundings ARGO 53/1 2010 57