Enhancement in Adhesive and Thermal Properties of Bio‐based Epoxy Resin by Using Eugenol Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals (original) (raw)
Related papers
2021
We synthesized the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by using cotton as a raw material, then it was modified with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate to improve its adhesion and thermal properties. CNCs was chosen as a modifier to improve the interfacial adhesion between the reinforced nanocrystals and E-51 epoxy resin system. This gives a better modulus of elasticity, a lower coefficient of energy, and thermal expansion. Significant improvements in modulus properties, strength, transparency and thermal stability were observed with modified cellulose nanocrystals (MCNCs) compared with the standard sample. SEM, and transmission electron microscope (TEM), powder diffraction (XRD), (TGA and DTG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for the isolation of synthetic (native and modified) cellulose nanocrystals. In addition, the MCNCs adhesion properties with E-51 (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) epoxy resins were also investigated using the Zwick/Roell Z020 model.
Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 2021
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is one of the outstanding nanomaterial. So far, much researcher nowadays has been developed their properties. These properties make CNCs a promising resource to replace fossil resources for the production of industrial materials and chemicals. Here, we firstly modified cellulose nanocrystals with 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy (KH-560) silane coupling agent. Chemical composition and surface morphologies of cellulose nanocrystals were analyzed and characterized by FT-IR, and SEM. The result indicated that polar hydroxyl groups were successfully introduced on the cellulose nanocrystals surface. The SEM results confirmed silane coupling agent was successfully grafted on cellulose nanocrystals. Modified CNCs demonstrated an excellent tensile strength and modulus exhibited by 1wt% modified cellulose nanocrystals composites. This novel procedure improves the dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals by modification and at the same time enhance the interfacial adhesion. Result shows increases more over than the native cellulose nanocrystals by modifying CNCs with KH-560 coupling agent. This study lays a foundation towards full polymers fabrication and consumptions most desirable in adhesive and mechanical industrial fields.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have unparalleled advantages in the preparation of nanocomposites for various applications. However, a major challenge associated with CNCs in nanocomposite preparation is the lack of compatibility with hydrophobic polymers. The hydrophobic modification of CNCs has attracted increasing interest in the modern era standing with long challenges and being environmentally friendly. Here, we synthesized CNCs by using cotton as raw material and then modified them with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate to improve their corresponding mechanical, adhesive, contact angle, and thermal properties. Different concentrations (1–5 wt%) of CNCs were used as modifiers to improve the interfacial adhesion between the reinforced CNCs and E-51 (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) epoxy resin system. CNCs offered a better modulus of elasticity, a lower coefficient of energy, and thermal expansion. Compared with the standard sample, the modified CNCs (MCNCs) showed high shear stress, high toug...
Cellulose, 2014
Development of high-performance bionanocomposite adhesives is of high interest due to their environmentally friendly nature and superior mechanical properties in outdoor environments. Nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) and resilin are among the most promising bio-nanofillers, providing strength and elasticity, respectively. A novel bionanocomposite comprised of NCC and resilin fused to a cellulose binding domain (Res.-CBD) is presented. As a case study, commercial epoxy adhesive was chosen as a matrix for the bio-nanocomposite adhesive. Insertion of hydrophilic NCC into hydrophobic resins, such as epoxy, is typically performed using solvent exchange, chemical modification, emulsifier addition or mixing with water-borne resins, techniques which either limit the material's application range or which are considered environmentally unfriendly. The unique approach presented here employed Res.-CBD as a surfactant-like agent supportive of the direct insertion of water-suspended NCC into an epoxy resin. The presented approach involves binding of Res.-CBD to NCC through its CBD domain and a chemical reaction between the resin epoxide groups and Res.-CBD amine moieties. The resulting bio-nano material shows a 50 % increase in the Young's modulus and a 20 % decrease in the tan(d), compared to pristine epoxy. This novel epoxy adhesive can be advantageous in applications where higher elasticity and Young's modulus are required. Keywords Nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) Á Resilin Á Epoxy Á Bio-nanocomposites R. Verker and A. Rivkin have contributed equally to this work.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOMASS-BASED EPOXY ADHESIVES WITH SILANE-TREATED SILICAS
In this work, we prepared biomass-based epoxy adhesives with silane-treated silicas. The effect of three types of silane-treated silicas on adhesive characterization of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)/epoxy adhesives with different contents of ESO, i.e, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.% was studied. As a result, the lap shear strength of the adhesives was increased as a polar component of surface free energy and oxygen functional groups of the silicas. The lap shear strength of the adhesives was also increased with increasing ESO content upto 2.0 wt.%. Consequently, ESO was one of the candidate materials for improvement of adhesives in bio-based epoxy adhesive system.
Preparation and physical characteristics of epoxy resin/ bacterial cellulose biocomposites
Polymer Bulletin, 2017
Using bacterial cellulose (BC) prepared from Vietnamese nata-de-coco via an alkaline pre-treatment followed by a solvent exchange process, epoxy resin (EP)/BC biocomposites were fabricated using three different dispersion techniques: mechanical stirring only, both mechanical stirring and grinding, and both mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. The surface of BC was modified with a silane coupling agent to improve the chemical affinity between BC and epoxy resin. The biocomposite materials comprising BC, epoxy resin, and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride as a curing agent were obtained from hot curing processing. The morphology and mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, enhanced K IC values, and tensile and flexural properties of the bio-based composites were compared with those of the virgin epoxy resin. The silane coupling agent had a vital role in improving the mechanical characteristics of the bio-based composites. For instance, K IC values, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and flexural strength of the 0.3 wt% BC/epoxy composites with the presence of 2.0 wt% silane coupling agent were 0.7740 MPa m 1/2 , 53.32 MPa, 1.68 GPa, and 83.05 MPa. These values represent improvements of 36.77, 17, 15.86, and 14.42%, respectively, compared to a neat epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the rough fracture surface
Morphological and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Nanofibrils Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites
Drvna industrija, 2015
Epoxy resins have gained attention as important adhesives because they are structurally stable, inert to most chemicals, and highly resistant to oxidation. Different particles can be added to adhesives to improve their properties. In this study, cellulose nanofi brils (CNFs), which have superior mechanical properties, were used as the reinforcing agent. Cellulose nanofi brils were added to epoxy in quantities of 1 %, 2 % and 3 % by weight to prepare nanocomposites. Morphological characterization of the composites was done with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated with Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA/DTG) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). SEM images showed that the cellulose nanofi brils were dispersed partially homogenous throughout the epoxy matrix for 1 % CNF. However, it was observed that the cellulose nanofi brils were aggregated (especially for 2 and 3 % CNFs) in some parts of the SEM images, and the ratios of the aggregated parts increased as the loading rate of the cellulose nanofi brils increased. The TGA curve showed that DTG and decomposition temperature of pure epoxy was higher than that of the nanocomposites. The DSC curve showed that the glass transition temperature (T g ) value of pure epoxy was found to be similar with Tg of the nanocomposites.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
The growing interest in materials derived from biomass has generated a multitude of solutions for the development of new sustainable materials with low environmental impact. We report here, for the first time, a strategy to obtain bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), itaconic acid (IA), and surface-treated nanofibrillated cellulose (NC). The effect of nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with silane (NC/S) and then grafted with methacrylic acid (NC/SM) on the properties of the resulted bio-based epoxy systems was thoroughly investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of NCs did not influence the curing process and had a slight impact on the maximum peak temperature. Moreover, the NCs improved the onset degradation temperature of the epoxy-based nanocomposites by more than 30 °C, regardless of their treatment. The most important effect on the mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy nanocomposites, i.e., an inc...
Synthesis of wood-based epoxy resins and their mechanical and adhesive properties
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006
Wood-based epoxy resins were synthesized from resorcinol-liquefied wood. Wood was first liquefied in the presence of resorcinol with or without a sulfuric acid catalyst at high temperature. Because of the hydroxyl groups, the resorcinol-liquefied wood was considered as a precursor for synthesizing wood-based epoxy resin. Namely, the phenolic OH groups of the liquefied wood reacted with epichlorohydrin under alkali condition. By the glycidyl etherification, epoxy functionality was introduced to the liquefied wood. The epoxy functionality of the resins was controlled by the concentration of phenolic OH groups in the liquefied wood, which would be a dominant factor for crosslink density and properties of the cured epoxy resins. The flexural strength and the modulus of elasticity (3.2 GPa) of the highly crosslinked wood-based epoxy resin were equivalent to those of the commercially available epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Also, the shear adhesive strength of the wood-based epoxy resin was higher than that of DGEBA when plywood was used as the adhesive substrates. The mechanical and adhesive properties suggested that the wood-based epoxy resins would be well suited for matrix resins of natural plant-fiber reinforced composites.
Applioed polymer science, 2019
In this study, we reported the use of cellulose derived microstructured biochars for the production of reinforced plastics. Cellulose nanocrystals and wasted cotton fibers were used as cellulose template structures and converted into carbonaceous materials under pyrolytic conditions. Biochars particles were produced with the shape of deformed spheres or rods and dispersed into an epoxy matrix with a loading ranging from 1 wt % to 10 wt %. Biochar-based composites showed remarkably elongation properties of up to 8.2% using 2 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals and a very low friction coefficient of 0.22 using 10 wt % of carbonized cotton fibers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48896. HIGHLIGHTS: • Carbon spheres and carbon rods were produced through pyrolytic conversion of cellulose nanocrystals and wasted cotton fibers. • Mechanical properties of carbon spheres and carbon rods epoxy composites were studied showing the differences induced by the particle shapes. • An ultimate tensile strength improvement of 57% was reached using 5 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals. • A maximum elongation improvement of 100% was reached using 2 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals. • A friction coefficient reduction of 61% was reached using 10 wt % of carbonized cotton fibers.