Supplemental Information 2: The physical self-efficacy scale and the physical activity enjoyment scale for children (original) (raw)
Related papers
PeerJ, 2019
Background Self-efficacy and enjoyment are two main constructs proposed within many motivational theories in any human endeavor, sport and physical activity included. Methods The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of two pictorial scales measuring self-efficacy and enjoyment levels in a sample of 14,035 Italian schoolchildren (7,075 boys and 6,960 girls, 6- to 7-year-olds). An important feature of the two scales is that they are in a pictorial format in order to prompt a straightforward understanding in children. The whole sample was randomly split in two subsamples according to gender and age and the factor structure of the measures was examined across subsamples. Results Data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded satisfactory fit indices on the measures of both subsamples. Overall findings supported the single factor structure of the scales, which can be easily administered to 6- to 7-year-old children to assess two relevant psycholog...
PeerJ
Background Physical activity (PA) (e.g., sport, physical education) promotes the psychophysical development of children, enhances health and wellbeing, offers opportunities for enjoyable experiences, and increases self-efficacy. Methods In the DEDIPAC framework, we conducted a naturalistic, cross-sectional study to evaluate the effects of a school-based, long-term intervention on fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, speed, and finger dexterity), body mass index (BMI), PA levels, sedentary levels, enjoyment, and physical self-efficacy in primary school children. A group of Italian children (41 boys and 39 girls, aged 10–11 years) involved in the project—named “Più Sport @ Scuola” (PS@S)—was compared with a group of children (41 boys and 39 girls) of the same age not involved in the project. Results After a four-year long attendance to the PS@S project, participants reported higher scores of cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, enjoyment, an...
A PHYSICAL SELF-EFFICACY SCALE FOR CHILDREN
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2008
The purpose of the study was to develop a physical self-efficacy scale to assess children's perception of personal strength, speed, and coordinative abilities. A 6-item scale, titled Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children, was presented to a sample of 1914 children, 997 girls and 917 boys, ranging in age from 8 to 10 years, drawn from 15 elementary schools representing different regions of Italy. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the data provided support for the internal validity and reliability of a single factor structure of the scale across sex and age categories. It is argued that the scale can be used for both research and applied purposes.
Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 2019
The aim of this study was to present the results of the triennial SBAM regional program aimed at monitoring 8-year old children in the Apulian region of Southern Italy from 2013 to 2016. Materials and methods: The program included 17,102 children in the first year, 16,104 children in the second year and 14,847 children in the third year. SBAM was a multi-component program and included different integrated action plans: physical education, active transport (pedibus), and methods for developing healthy eating habits. For each year, four motor tests (long jump standing, shuttle run, 6 min walk test, and medicine ball throw), a motor coordination test and two self-reports for evaluating self-efficacy and enjoyment were proposed to all children. Results: The results showed gender and group differences (normal-weight vs. overweight-obese) in both motor tests and self-reports (p <0.05). The annual results of the motor tests were sorted in deciles in order to have a regional observation and monitoring database concerning the motor development skills among children and preadolescents. Conclusion: Boys showed motor performance, perceived self-efficacy scores and enjoyment higher than females in three years. Growth influences the development of motor abilities; overweight and obese males and females showed a different development of motor performance that was lower than in children with a BMI in the norm. It is necessary to develop physical education in primary school, increasing opportunities and adapting them to the needs of all children. SBAM project highlighted the need to promote interdisciplinary and inter-institutional actions to promote child health and acquire physically active lifestyles.
Attitudes and Self-Efficacy in Physical Activities among 9-12-Year-Old Students
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2024
This study explores attitudes towards physical activity and self-efficacy among students aged 9-12, considering various demographic variables. The research utilized a descriptive relational screening model. The sample comprised 484 students (48.97% female, 51.03% male), selected through appropriate sampling methods. Data were collected via face-to-face administration in school settings, with parental consent. The instruments included a personal information form, the Physical Activity Attitude Scale for Children and Adolescents (YPAAS), and the Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale for Children (PASSC). After excluding 77 responses outside the 9-12 age range, statistical analysis was performed with a .05 significance level. The study concludes that there is a moderate, positive linear relationship between attitudes towards physical activity and physical activity self-efficacy among students aged 9-12. Sex does not significantly impact attitudes or selfefficacy scores. However, BMI significantly affects selfefficacy, not attitudes towards physical activity. Sleep duration influences self-efficacy but not attitudes, while daily screen time affects attitudes but not self-efficacy. Additionally, attitudes and self-efficacy significantly vary with daily physical activity levels, with higher activity levels associated with more positive attitudes and greater self-efficacy. Participation in different sports branches significantly influences self-efficacy, particularly between football and other sports, but does not significantly affect attitudes. The findings underscore these variables' critical role in shaping young students' physical activity behaviours, highlighting the multifaceted nature of physical activity motivation and enjoyment.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
There has been a decrease in sports practices among the adolescent population, and several authors have tried to identify variables that can explain this decrease by analyzing psychosocial aspects such as perceived fitness and self-efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the association of perceived fitness and self-efficacy with sport practices and to determine whether perceived fitness is a mediator of the association between self-efficacy and sport practice in Spanish adolescents. The sample was composed of 882 students between 13 and 17 years old from Gipuzkoa (Spain). A descriptive, correlational and direct/indirect effect approach was used, using the PROCESS macro for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Among the results obtained, it is highlighted on the one hand, that perceived fitness significantly correlates with both self-efficacy and sport practice, on the other hand, it is confirmed that perceived fitness is a mediator in the rela...
Perceived motor competence and self-efficacy in children: Competitive sports vs sedentary lifestyle
Journal of Human Sport and exercise , 2020
Background: the study of physical self-perception is fundamental to understand how children perceive their movement skills, identify their level of perception of physical self-efficacy as well as their opinion on their motor skills. It can provide useful key information to give appropriate feedback and to plan some programmes aimed to develop fundamental movement skills. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived competences and physical self-efficacy in a sample of young, sedentary subjects and athletes, through a fact-finding survey. The core of the investigation was to verify whether there were substantial differences between subjects who practice sports at a competitive way and in sedentary one. Methods: The study was carried out from 100 young people aged between 8 and 14 years. 75 athletes (38 F 38 M) were recruited in three small sport associations the same district in southern Italy and 25 students who do not participate organized sports (13 F, 12 M), were recruited in a secondary school in the same district. Written consent was obtained in through a formal letter to parents explaining the study's goals, procedures, and methods. The selection of the investigation tools ware carried out by identifying two tests validated in the literature. Two tests were used: the Perceived Motor Competence Questionnaire in Childhood (PMC-C) (Dreiskaemper, 2018) and the Self-efficacy scale (Colella, 2008). The data were analysed by SPSS statistical software. The two observations were analysed separately; for each item and groups (sedentary subjects, swimmers, soccer players and gymnasts), were calculated mean value, standard deviation and level of significance. These values have been highlighted in the descriptive tables and in the histogram graphs. The differences between gender and between groups (sedentary subjects and athletes) have been calculated with the Mann-Whitney test. Results: the data shows significant differences in both tests highlighting a strong relationship between sport activity and self-related aspects. The comparison of means between sedentary subjects and athletes confirms a significant difference between the two groups with p < .01 both in Self-Efficacy Test and Perception of Motor Competence test.
Medicine & Science in …, 2008
Problem: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a scale measuring children's self-efficacy and proxy efficacy for physical activity at after-school programs and at home. Proxy efficacy was defined as children's confidence in their skills and abilities to get adults to act in their interest to provide physical activity opportunities. Methods: Children (grades 4 through 6) attending after-school programs completed a self-efficacy questionnaire relevant to their physical activity. Factorial validity was assessed with an exploratory factor analysis (n ¼ 107) and a confirmatory factor analysis (n ¼ 187). Next, criterion-related validity was assessed using a mixed-model analysis of covariance with school as a random effect and children level variables as fixed effects. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: The questionnaire assessed three separate constructs: self-efficacy to be physically active (SEPA), proxy efficacy to influence parents to provide physical activity opportunities (PEPA-P), and proxy efficacy to influence after-school staff to provide physical activity opportunities (PEPA-S). Males had greater SEPA than females. Children who perceived greater physical activity opportunities during after-school time had greater SEPA, PEPA-P, and PEPA-S than children attending schools with fewer physical activity opportunities. Children attending schools with lower concentrations of racial/ethnic diversity and higher socioeconomic status (SES) had greater PEPA-P compared to children attending greater racial/ethnic diversity and low-SES schools. Conclusions: Self-efficacy for physical activity is a multicomponent construct and can be assessed in elementary-aged children using the reliable and valid instrument confirmed in the current study.
Generalized self-efficacy and performance on the 20-metre shuttle run in children
American Journal of Human Biology, 2008
It has been argued that motivation significantly affects the measurement of aerobic capacity when using field tests with children. In this study, the impact of generalized self-efficacy on performance (Stage Completed) in the Léger shuttle run is examined in a cohort of children (N = 2,245, 9.38 +/- 0.52 years old) in Grade 4 from 75 elementary schools. Children completed the Children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Self-perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity scale (CSAPPA) to establish levels of generalized self-efficacy toward physical activity, were measured for height and weight, and then completed the Léger Shuttle run to predict aerobic capacity. Regression analysis was used to study the impact of self-efficacy on test performance. After adjusting for age, gender, and BMI, two of the three CSAPPA factor subscales, higher perceived adequacy regarding physical activity (beta = 0.196, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) and greater predilection to select physical over sedentary activities (beta = 0.123, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001), were independently associated with better test performance as indicated by stage completed. Together, self-efficacy accounted for 9% of the total variation in Léger shuttle run performance. A significant interaction between BMI and perceived adequacy was found (beta = -0.106, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.005). Children with both high BMI scores and below average perceived adequacy had the poorest performance results. Generalized self-efficacy, as measured by the CSAPPA, is significantly related to Léger shuttle run performance. Moreover, self-efficacy influences the relationship between other known factors affecting test performance (BMI), suggesting that self-perception of ability/competence has a complex effect on test performance. These results illustrate the importance of considering psychological factors when interpreting physiologic assessments in children.