A Compound Isolated from Phyllanthus tenellus Demonstrates Metabolic and Vascular Effects In Vitro (original) (raw)
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2010
Diabetes is known to involve oxidative stress and changes in lipid metabolism. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of an ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on antidiabetic, antioxidant and lipid profile in plasma and tissues (liver and kidney) of experimental diabetes. Thirty rats were allocated randomly into 5 groups, each of 6 rats. Group I was acted as control group, group II rats were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg bw), group III rats received Phyllanthus emblica fruit ethanolic extract (PFEet) (200 mg/kg bw) by using an intragastric tube for 45 days, group IV rats received glibenclamide (600 µg/kg bw), group V rats given PFEet (200 mg/kg bw) alone. Ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruits was administered orally at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose and a significant increase in plasma insulin in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats had elevated levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (VLDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Phospholipids (PL), Triglycerides (TG) and decreased HDL-cholesterol. Diabetic rats fed PFEet showed a significant reduction in TC, VLDL-C, LDL-C, FFA, PL, TG and an elevation in HDL-C. In conclusion, the observations from this study show that Phyllanthus emblica has antidiabetic and its beneficial effects on lipid profile, thus it can be recommended for use as a natural supplementary herbal remedy in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Phyllanthus emblica Leaves and Bark in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research, 2019
Phyllanthus emblica is empirically used to treat various diseases. Chemical compounds in this plant includes benzene derivatives, diterpen and monoterpen, furanolacton, flavonoids and sterols. The purpose of this research is to investigate anti-hyperglycemic activity of P. emblica. The diabetic animal model was obtained by administration of alloxan 120 mg/kg BW intraperitonial. The rats were divided into 9 groups, i.e., normal group, negative control (1% CMC), positive control (glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg BW) and P. emblica leaves and bark ethanol extract at the dose of 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg BW. Determination of flavonoid content was performed through colorimetric method using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 425 nm. After 7 days of induction, the entire group was treated for 21 days, fasting blood glucose was performed on days 0, 1, 8, 15 and 22. Then the data of fasting blood glucose level in mice was treated with one way ANOVA analysis and advanced test with post hoc Least Significant Differences (LSD) method. The percentage of the blood glucose decrease from the animal treated with leaves extract at doses of 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg BW, respectively, were 22.47%; 21.03%; and 24.52%, while those of bark extract were 32.19%; 31.61%; and 37.24%, respectively. Determination of total flavonoid level showed that the highest amount of flavonoids was observed in leaves (35.838 mg/g Quercetin). In conclusion, P. emblica bark and leaves showed anti-hyperglycemic activity.
Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes
In the present study, we investigated the biochemical alterations and gene expression of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after oral administration of Phyllanthus amarus. The quantitative estimation of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids showed that the extracts are rich in these compounds antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of the stem leaves of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. Phyllanthus amarus significantly reduced the blood glucose level starting on the second week. Furthermore, the extract of P amarus showed significant increase in plasma insulin and tissue glycogen contents. The antidyslipidemic effect was demonstrated by a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while the cardio-protective lipid, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), was increased. Phyllanthus amarus also modulated the activities of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes by significantly increasing the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase (p<0.05) and significantly reducing the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase (p<0.05). Phyllanthus amarus administration up-regulated mrna expression of Glucose Transporter-2 (GLUT-2), and increased lipolysis and cholesterol metabolism through up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Sterol Responsible Element Binding Protein-1a (STREBP-1a) expression. FAS expression was down regulated. The Phyllanthus amarus induced increase in serum insulin level, glucokinase (GK), aldolase, pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and glycogen synthase activities in addition to a higher expression of insulin receptor A (IRA), GK, SDH.
Treatments of diabetes with available agents come with one or more side effects, hence, the need for continual search of alternative treatment agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively some phytochemicals in methanolic extract in Phyllanthus fraternus and evaluate their hypoglycaemic activity in both diabetic and normal rats. Sixty-six rats were used of which forty-two were diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty male rats of which twenty-four were diabetic were divided into five (5) groups of six rats each were used for prolonged treatment: Normal, diabetic control, standard control, and two treatments that were orally administered at a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of crude methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus for 28 days. Thirty six (36) rats were used for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) which was divided into six groups of three rats each for both normal and diabetic rat. A single dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of crude and fractions (I, II and III) of methanolic leaf extracts of P. fraternus were orally administered to diabetic and normal rats before they were loaded with 2 g/kg body weight glucose. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extract showed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and saponins. Fraction I contained only flavonoid, fraction II and III contained more than three phytochemicals. Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extracts to diabetic rats significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum glucose levels in all the treatment groups. The results of OGGT showed that fraction I and metformin groups significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose level 30 min after glucose load in both diabetic and normal rats when compared with their controls and other treatments groups. These results suggest P. fraternus methanolic leaf extract have phytochemicals with glucose lowering ability especially fraction I that competes favorably with metformin.
Protective role of Phyllanthus fraternus in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2020
Background: Phyllanthus fraternus is a pantropical weed of family phyllanthaceae, mainly found in northeast India. It has been used in the folklore medicine of Manipur tribe for treating type 2 diabetes. Objective: The present study was commenced to evaluate the anti-diabetic and renoprotective potential of P. fraternus (aerial parts) in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Materials and methods: Alloxan (130 mg/kg, ip) was used for the induction of diabetes in adult male wistar rats. Animals with blood glucose level greater than 280 mg/dL were treated once daily for 14 days with various test extracts. The biochemical parameters were measured from serum on the 15th day posttreatment. Necropsy samples harvested from pancreas and kidneys were examined for histopathological changes in these organs. Results: Alloxan-induced diabetes not only caused significant increases in blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine and urea levels, but also provoked high oxidative stress in pancreas and kidneys. Profound morphological injuries were observed in islets of Langerhans and kidneys of diabetic animals. Administration of methanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and mother liquor (200 and 400 mg/kg) ameliorate the elevated levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol as well as other biochemical parameters, but highest reduction in blood glucose concentration was observed with the largest dose of ethyl acetate fraction (400 mg/kg) of P. fraternus. Histopathological examination of pancreas and kidneys also exhibited greater protection by treatment with acetate fraction (400 mg/kg). The HPLC analysis showed the presence of four polyphenols such as catechin, gallic acid, caffeic acid and ellagic acid in ethyl acetate fraction of P. fraternus during HPLC analysis. Conclusion: The results suggest that polyphenols present in P. fraternus may be responsible for the antidiabetic and renoprotective activity in rats. Such protective effects of could be mediated through flavonol-induced anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the pancreas and kidneys.
Antidiabetic potential of Phyllanthus reticulatus in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
Fitoterapia, 2008
The plant Phyllanthus reticulatus is claimed to have antidiabetic activity in tribal area. To validate the tribal claim, the petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of leaves of the P. reticulatus were orally tested at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for hypoglycemic effect in alloxan induces diabetic mice. It shows antidiabetic activity at the dose of 1000 mg/kg. The phytochemical screening of the residues revealed the presence of terpenoids glycosides, protein, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids and steroids.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009
Aim of the study: To evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of various fractions of Phyllanthus simplex on alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Materials and methods: Hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus simplex fractions was evaluated in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg). Normal and diabetic rats were divided into different groups (six rats each group) and orally administered with petroleum ether (P.E.) (200 and 400 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (100 and 200 mg/kg), methanol (125 and 250 mg/kg), water fraction (150 and 300 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from overnight fasted normal rats on day 21, from overnight fasted diabetic rats at 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment and analyzed for blood glucose level. On day 22 blood samples were collected from diabetic rats to estimate biochemical parameters, rats were sacrificed by single stunning and tissues were excised to measure their antioxidant and glycogen status. Results: In the normoglycemic rats, MeOH (125 and 250 mg/kg) and aqueous fractions (150 and 300 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycemic effect on day 21. In diabetic control rats, MeOH (125 and 250 mg/kg) and aqueous fractions (150 and 300 mg/kg) showed significant antihyperglycemic effect (P < 0.001). The active fractions (MeOH and aqueous) of Phyllanthus simplex also increased the body weight of diabetic rats significantly compared to the control group. The active fractions were able to normalize the marked alterations in antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant parameters levels in liver and kidney. Treatment with the active fractions also normalized the diabetic induced hyperlipidemia and liver glycogen. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of fractions of Phyllanthus simplex and suggests that the plant may have therapeutic value in diabetes and related complications.
Since, we previously demonstrated that sequentially extracted methanolic fraction showed marked antioxidant and antidiabetic property in vitro, the present study was design to evaluate the beneficial effects of Phyllanthus virgatus methanolic extract and its partially purified frac-tion on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The plant extract was subjected to repeated thin layer chromatographic fractionation followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction. TLC data illustrated the presence of six prominent bands and the prelimnary screening of these bands against α-amylase inhibitory activity showed that the band with R f value 0.514 has marked inhibitory property (IC 50 , 48 µg/ml). The diabetic rats were treated for four weeks with methanolic extract of P. virgatus (50 and 10 mg/rat/day), partially isolated active fraction (0.5 and 0.1 mg/rat/day) and glibenclamide (0.1 mg/rat/day). The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin, gly...
Antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activities of Phyllanthus debilis aqueous plant extract in mice
The whole plant of Phyllanthus debilis Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is used in Sri Lanka for the treatment of diabe- tes mellitus. However, hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of this plant has not been scienti cally validated. The present study was carried out to examine the antidiabetic potential of P. debilis. Aqueous plant extract (APE) of P. debilis was prepared and normoglycemic mice were orally treated either with 3 doses (497.5, 995, or 1990 mg/kg) of APE, tolbutamide (33.5 mg/kg) or distilled water (control), and fasting and random blood glucose levels were determined. In addition, the toxicity of the APE was examined using chronic administration. In normoglycemic mice, high dose (1990 mg/kg) of APE signi cantly lowered the fasting blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner. Further, APE markedly improved the oral glucose and sucrose tolerance tests up to 5 h post-treatment. The improvement of the glucose tolerance test was dose-dependent. In addition, APE signi cantly inhibited glucose absorption from the small intestine. The APE did not induce any overt toxic signs, hepatotoxicity, or renotoxicity. However, the total red blood cell count and serum HDL level were signi cantly increased. It can be concluded that APE of P. debilis possesses safe, immediate oral antidiabetic activity and its action is mediated via multiple mechanisms. The results of this study scienti cally justi ed the claims made in the Sri Lankan Ayurvedic system regarding the thera- peutic uses of the P. debilis in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Antihyperglycemia; diabetes; hypoglycemia; Phyllanthus debilis; toxicology