Association of Dietary Proportions of Macronutrients with Visceral Adiposity Index: Non-Substitution and Iso-Energetic Substitution Models in a Prospective Study (original) (raw)
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Lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to body mass index
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002
Objective: To examine whether the same amount of energy intake has different consequences on body mass index (BMI), depending on the source of energy from specific macronutrients. Design: Cross-sectional study, in the context of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Setting: Communities all over Greece. Subjects: A total of 27 862 apparently healthy volunteers, men and women, ages 25 -82 y. Interventions: None. Methods: Dietary information was collected through an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In the context of a cross-sectional analysis, we calculated changes of BMI per increments of energy intake from protein, carbohydrates, saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated lipids and ethanol, controlling for mutual confounding and other confounders, among all participants, and after exclusion of under-reporters and=or those on a diet. Results: Protein intake was positively associated with BMI. The association was evident when nutrients were not mutually adjusted for and increased after mutual adjustment among nutrients (b ¼ 0.80 kg=m 2 per 418.4 kJ or 100 kcal increment, 95% confidence interval 0.55 -1.06 for men, and b ¼ 1.59, 95% CI 1.30 -1.88 for women), as well as after exclusion of underreporters and=or those on a diet. The effects of other macronutrients were less substantial or consistent. Conclusions: There is evidence indicating that protein intake is conducive to obesity. Moreover, our data suggest that neither saturated or monounsaturated lipids nor carbohydrates are likely to play a major role in increasing BMI over and beyond that indicated by their energy content.
Journal of Applied and Natural Science
One hundred and two volunteer male subjects (40-60 years) were divided on the basis of abdominal obesity into three groups - No abdominal obesity i.e. Grade 0 with waist circumference <94 cm; Abdominal obesity i.e. Grade I with waist circumference: 94.1 to 101.9 cm and Grade II with waist circumference: >102 cm. The daily consumption of protein per kg body weight of the subjects was 1.28, 1.21 and 1.06g, the protein intake of the subjects with Grade II AO was significantly (p?0.001) lower than the subjects with either no AO or Grade I AO. The carbohydrate: protein ratio varied between a narrow range of 3.48 to 3.69 among the three groups indicating high carbohydrate diets of all the subjects. Energy and fat intake of the subjects in all the groups was much higher than the recommended dietary allowances. The ratio of animal: plant protein intake was almost similar in the subjects with no AO or with Grade I and II AO, the ratio being 0.74, 0.81 and 0.89, respectively. The micro...
2018
Background: Obesity is a major public health problem because of its associated diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to explore the relationship between dietary macronutrients and adiposity in a cohort study, representative of the city of Mashhad in northeastern Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The population sample (9847) derived from Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorders (MASHAD: 2010-2020) and was obtained using a stratified-cluster method. The subjects were separated into 4 groups by body mass index status: normal weight, underweight, overweight and obese individuals. Individuals with mean age of 48.33 ±8.26 yr were recruited and anthropometric and biochemical factors were measured in all the subjects. Individual dietary intakes were assessed using 24-h dietary recall Dietplan6. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted before and after adjustment for age, gender and energy intake. Results: Obese individuals were signi...
Lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to body mass index: an Italian study
Public Health Nutrition, 2007
Objective: To analyse the association between macronutrient intake and body mass index (BMI). Design: A series of hospital-based case-control studies. Settings: Selected teaching and general hospitals in several Italian regions. Subjects: A total of 6619 subjects from the comparison groups of the case-control studies were included in the analysis. Methods: We obtained data from a validated 78-item food-frequency questionnaire submitted between 1991 and 2002. For various macronutrients, the partial regression coefficient (variation of BMI (kg m 22 ) per 100 kcal increment of energy intake) was derived from multiple linear regression models, after allowance for age, study centre, education, smoking habits, number of eating episodes and mutual adjustment for macronutrients. Results: BMI was directly associated with protein intake among women only (b ¼ 0.68) and with unsaturated fats in both genders (for monounsaturated fats b ¼ 0.27 for men and 0.26 for women; for polyunsaturated fats b ¼ 0.27 for men and 0.54 for women), and inversely related to carbohydrates (b ¼ 2 0.05 for men and 2 0.21 for women) and number of eating episodes in both genders (b ¼ 2 0.42 for men and 2 0.61 for women) and to saturated fats among women only (b ¼ 20.57). Conclusions: These results confirm and provide convincing evidence that, after allowance for selected covariates including total energy intake, a protein-rich diet is not inversely related to BMI, and a carbohydrate-rich diet is not directly related to BMI. * Note that the values denote the cut-off points of quartiles of energy intake from the different nutrients. Therefore, the figures in the columns do not add up to 100% and the sums increase, as they should, from the first to the third cut-off of quartiles.
Role of Dietary Macronutrients and Fatty Acids in Obesity and Metabolic Risk in Older Adults
Int J Obes Nutr Sci, 2019
The aim of the study was to examine the role of dietary consumption of different types of fatty acids on metabolic risk factors and regional fat deposition in older men and women. We hypothesized that saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and low intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) would be associated with markers of insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Sedentary, overweight and obese (body mass index: 29-48 kg/m2) adults (N=20) aged 45-78 years underwent two-hour oral glucose tolerance test, blood draw, DXA scan, and completed seven-day diet records. Subjects had low fitness levels (VO2 max=23.5 ± 2.4 mL/kg/min) and high total body fat (43.5 ± 1.7%). The average macronutrient composition of the diet was high in fat as a percent of total kcal (35.5%). The ratio of MUFA to PUFA was associated with serum cholesterol (r=0.48, P=0.03) and tended to be associated with higher fasting glucose (r=0.42, P=0.06) and glucose at 120 min (r=0.43, P=0.06). PUFA intake as a percentage of fat intake was associated with lower serum cholesterol (r=-0.44, P=0.05). Therefore, dietary MUFA intake unbalanced by PUFA may confer increased risk for diabetes among obese, sedentary individuals. Future investigation of food sources, or context of dietary lipids, could lead to individualized dietary recommendations to promote healthy eating habits and potentially alter metabolic risk.
Modern diet and metabolic variance – a recipe for disaster?
Nutrition Journal, 2014
Objective: Recently, a positive correlation between alanine transaminase activity and body mass was established among healthy young individuals of normal weight. Here we explore further this relationship and propose a physiological rationale for this link.
Dietary energy density and body weight changes after 3 years in the PREDIMED study
International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2017
The association of dietary energy density (ED) and overweight is not clear in the literature. Our aim was to study in 4259 of the PREDIMED trial whether an increase in dietary ED based on a higher adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with 3-year weight gain. A validated 137-item food-frequency questionnaire was administered. Multivariable-adjusted models were used to analyze the association between 3-year ED change and the subsequent 3-year body weight change. The most important weight reduction after 3-year follow-up was observed in the two lowest quintiles and the highest quintile of ED change. The highest ED increase was characterized by an increased intake of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and nuts and a decreased intake of other oils, vegetable and fruit consumption (p < .001). In conclusion, increased 3-year ED in the PREDIMED study, associated with a higher EVOO and nuts consumption, was not associated with weight gain.
Clinical Practice, 2017
Background and Aim: Findings related to nutrient intakes and levels of adipokines concentrations are inconclusive. The present study aimed at investigating the association between intakes of macro-and micro-nutrients with serum adipokines in apparently healthy adults. Methods and Results: A convenient sample of 167 adults was obtained from students and employees in major hospital in Jordan. Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and interleukine-6 were measured. Nutrients intakes were assessed using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Higher levels of leptin were associated with the highest consumption of energy from carbohydrate, insoluble, and soluble fiber (P=0.04). Lower levels of leptin were associated with highest consumption of energy from fat (P=0.04), monounsaturated fatty acids (P=0.04) and cholesterol (P=0.02). Lower levels of adiponectin were found among individuals with the highest consumption of carbohydrates (p=0.02) insoluble fibers (P=0.01); and copper (P=0.03). Higher levels of adiponectin were associated with higher consumption of cholesterol (P=0.03). Leptin/adiponectin ratio was positively associated with the intakes of carbohydrates (P=0.04), soluble-(P=0.01) and insoluble fibers (P=0.01) and copper (P=0.03), whereas the ratio was negatively associated with cholesterol (P=0.04), butyric acid (P=0.03) and omega-3 fatty acids (P=0.03). Levels of resistin were only associated with total fiber intake (P=0.04) and levels of interleukine-6 were only associated with cholesterol intake (P=0.01). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that intakes of carbohydrates, fat, cholesterol and fibers are the major dietary factors that may be associated with levels of leptin and adiponectin. Levels of resistin and interleukine-6 may be less associated with diet composition.