A Review on Oral Candida as Commensal and Opportunistic Pathogen (original) (raw)
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Candidiasis and Oral Cavity: A Review
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.6\_Issue.5\_May2019/Abstract\_IJRR0039.html, 2019
Oral Candida is opportunistic pathogen. Oral candidiasis is one of the common fungal infections, affecting the oral mucosa and is caused by Candida albicans. Candida pathogenicity is facilitated by a number of virulence factors, the most important of which are those for adherence to host tissues and medical devices, biofilm formation and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. Assessment of predisposing factors plays a crucial role in the management of candidal infection. Carefully recording the medical history is important Topical antifungal therapy is the recommended first line treatment for uncomplicated oral candidiasis.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2014
Candida is the shortened name used to describe a class of fungi that includes more than 150 species of yeast. In healthy individuals, Candida exists harmlessly in mucus membranes such as your ears, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, nose, reproductive organs, sinuses, skin, stool and vagina, etc. It is known as your "beneficial flora" and has a useful purpose in the body. When an imbalance in the normal flora occurs, it causes an overgrowth of Candida albicans. The term is Candidiasis or Thrush. This is a fungal infection (Mycosis) of any of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. When this happens, it can create a widespread havoc to our overall health and well-being of our body.
Journal of Fungi, 2021
Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. Oral candidosis presents a variety of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous candidosis, erythematous candidosis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, cheilocandidosis, juxtavermillion candidosis, mucocutaneous candidosis, hyperplastic candidosis, oropharyngeal candidosis, and rare su...
The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence, frequency and predisposing factors as well as their antifungal susceptibility pattern of oral candidiasis (OC) in patients attending outpatient's dental clinic with various dental diseases. A total of 150 patients were enrolled in this study aged from 4 to 73 years attended outpatient dental clinic, at Zahra district Tripoli, Libya between May 20017 and May 2018. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of yeasts in the oral cavity, and to determine the main yeast species present, their correlation with various dental problems as well as other predisposing factors and there antifungal susceptibility patterns. One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were submitted to an odontological examination for the identification of dental caries and dental plaque, and other dental problems, as well as for yeast culture. Identification of all species was based on standard mycological methods and antifungal susceptibility test was performed by using disk diffusion susceptibility method and several antifungal drugs such as (fluconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, econazole, itraconazole) were used. The frequency oral carriage of yeasts was 64 % (96), with 78% aged from 20 to 60 years old. Caries, plaque, gingivitis periodontitis, and lower teeth are the most dental problem in which, more than 50% harbors candida species in their oral cavity. Diabetes, pregnancy and smoking, is among common predisposing factors. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (41.7%), C. glabrate (27.1%) and C. dubliniensis (11.5%). Susceptibility test show that Candida albicans was highly resistant to most azole antifungal and Candida dubliniensis was highly resistant to fluocytosine. Other candida species show variable susceptibility to various antifungal drugs. Aim of study: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of yeasts in the oral cavity, and to determine the main yeast species present, their correlation with various dental problems as well as other predisposing factors and there antifungal susceptibility patterns. One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were submitted to an odontological examination for the identification of dental caries and dental plaque, and other dental problems, as well as for yeast culture. Identification of all species was based on standard mycological methods and antifungal susceptibility test was performed by using disk diffusion susceptibility method and several antifungal drugs such as (fluconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, econazole, itraconazole) were used. Material and methods: One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were submitted to an odontological examination for the identification of dental caries and dental plaque, and other dental problems, as well as for yeast culture. Identification of all species was based on standard mycological methods and antifungal susceptibility test was performed by using disk diffusion susceptibility method and several antifungal drugs such as (fluconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, econazole, itraconazole) were used. Results: The frequency oral carriage of yeasts was 64 % (96), with 78% aged from 20 to 60 years old. Caries, plaque, gingivitis periodontitis, and lower teeth are the most dental problem in which, more than 50% harbors candida species in their oral cavity. Diabetes, pregnancy and smoking, is among common predisposing factors. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (41.7%), C. glabrate (27.1%) and C. dubliniensis (11.5%). Susceptibility test show that Candida albicans was highly resistant to most azole antifungal and Candida dubliniensis was highly resistant to fluocytosine. Other candida species show variable susceptibility to various antifungal drugs. Conclusion: This finding indicated a correlation between the presence of caries and other dental diseases with yeasts carriage in the mouth. However, there was no clear cut correlation between yeasts carriage in healthy and health patients.
Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies
Candida species present both as commensals and opportunistic pathogens of the oral cavity. For decades, it has enthralled the clinicians to investigate its pathogenicity and to improvise newer therapeutic regimens based on the updated molecular research. Candida is readily isolated from the oral cavity, but simple carriage does not predictably result in development of an infection. Whether it remains as a commensal, or transmutes into a pathogen, is usually determined by pre-existing or associated variations in the host immune system. The candida infections may range from non-life threatening superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive disseminated disease involving multiple organs. In fact, with the increase in number of AIDS cases, there is a resurgence of less common forms of oral candida infections. The treatment after confirmation of the diagnosis should include recognizing and eliminating the underlying causes such as ill-fitting oral appliances, history of medications (antibiotics, corticosteroids, etc.), immunological and endocrine disorders, nutritional deficiency states and prolonged hospitalization. Treatment with appropriate topical antifungal agents such as amphotericin, nystatin, or miconazole usually resolves the symptoms of superficial infection. Occasionally, administration of systemic antifungal agents may be necessary in immunocompromised patients, the selection of which should be based upon history of recent azole exposure, a history of intolerance to an antifungal agent, the dominant Candida species and current susceptibility data.
Oral thrush to candidemia: a morbid outcome
Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (Chicago, Ill. : 2002)
A 35-year-old female living with AIDS presented with oral thrush 3 months after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). On investigation, it was found to be due to Candida albicans. She was started on fluconazole. After 4 months on ART, she presented with fever. Blood culture was performed. After 4 days, she expired due to septic shock. Two days after her death, C albicans strain was isolated from the blood culture which was similar to the C albicans strain (by DNA fingerprinting) isolated from oral thrush. Both strains of C albicans were found to be resistant to fluconazole by broth microdilution method. A high index of suspicion in high-risk patients along with early and aggressive management of the patient with antigen detection would go a long way in the management of these patients. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis need to be re-evaluated, keeping in mind the increasing emergence of resistance to azoles and its effect on morbidity outcome.
Candida and Oral Candidosis: A Review
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 1994
Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens isolated from the oral cavity. Their oral existence both as a commensal and an opportunist pathogen has intrigued clinicians and scientists for many decades, and recent investigations have revealed many attributes of this fungus contributing to its pathogenicity. In addition, the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS has resulted in a resurgence of oral Candida infections. Clinicians are witnessing not only classic forms of the diseases but also newer clinical variants such as erythematous candidosis, rarely described hithertofore. Therefore, this review is an attempt at detailing the current knowledge on Candida and oral candidoses together with the newer therapeutic regimes employed in treating these mycoses.
Biological and Biomedical Reports, 2012
Oral candidiasis, a frequent and important fungal condition of the oral cavity is caused by Candida species. There are few local factors that make the oral tissues susceptible to Candida infection. These factors include acid saliva, xerostomia, night use of prosthetic dentures, tobacco, carbohydrate richdiets and patients that receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy in maxillofacial structures. Maintenance of oral hygiene and early diagnosis of this condition is very important.