Role of Genetics in Orthodontics – Simplified Concept (original) (raw)
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Growth is the combined result of interaction between several genetic and environmental factors over time and malocclusion is a manifestation of genetic and environmental interaction on the development of the orofacial region. It is important to consider genetic factors in orthodontic diagnosis, in order to understand the cause of existing problem, which may also have an infl uence on the fi nal outcome of orthodontic treatment. Generally, malocclusions with a genetic cause are thought to be less amenable to treatment than those with an environmental cause. Greater the genetic component, worse the prognosis for a successful outcome by means of orthodontics intervention. Knowing the relative infl uence of genetic and environmental factors would greatly enhance the clinician's ability to treat malocclusions successfully. Orthodontists maybe interested in genetics to help understand why a patient has a particular occlusion and consideration of genetic factors is an essential element of diagnosis that underlines virtually all the dentofacial anomalies.
Genetics of Dentofacial and Orthodontic Abnormalities
Global Medical Genetics
The development of craniofacial complex and dental structures is a complex and delicate process guided by specific genetic mechanisms. Genetic and environmental factors can influence the execution of these mechanisms and result in abnormalities. An insight into the mechanisms and genes involved in the development of orofacial and dental structures has gradually gained by pedigree analysis of families and twin studies as well as experimental studies on vertebrate models. The development of novel treatment techniques depends on in-depth knowledge of the various molecular or cellular processes and genes involved in the development of the orofacial complex. This review article focuses on the role of genes in the development of nonsyndromic orofacial, dentofacial variations, malocclusions, excluding cleft lip palate, and the advancements in the field of molecular genetics and its application to obtain better treatment outcomes.
Molecular Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
The application of orthodontic forces to correct mandibular and maxillary teeth irregularities through alveolar bone remodeling involves a series of coordinated and regulated molecular and cellular events in the periodontium i.e. periodontal ligament (PL), alveolar bone (AB), cementum, and gingiva. The PL and AB are the two important structures which actively participate in bone remodeling in response to mechanical forces. The fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondrocytes and immune cells are the major cell types which play an interactive role in the remodeling process. Activation of these cells result in the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, transcription factors and other regulatory molecules which modulate cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, gene expression and cell function. Recent it has been shown that the role of SOX 9 gene transcriptase, parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (IHH) protein in orthodontic tooth movement orthopaedics is significant in understanding the molecular biology of orthodontic tooth movement orthopaedic forces in growth modification therapy. In this article, however, we review the major cellular and molecular sequence of events during orthodontic tooth movement, per se.
Case Reports in Dentistry, 2021
In the process of odontogenesis, a disturbance in the formation of the epithelium and mesenchyme can be observed and this can be manifested by atypical forms of dental development. Such biological phenomena with altered morphology are as follows: dens invaginatus (DI), dens evaginatus (DE), talon cusps, and double teeth (DT) or connate teeth (fusion and gemination). Patients with orthodontic anomalies who also exhibit teeth with morphogenetic disorders are presented in this article. Dens evaginatus and talon cusps pose orthodontic challenges in the treatment finishing phase. These reduce the possibility of achieving maximum intercuspidation between the lower and upper front teeth as well as poor incisor guidance. Other orthodontic challenges are as follows: the risk of occlusal trauma and periodontal loading of the antagonists and the possibility of accessory cusps to play the role of the inclined plane and lead to deviations in the closure of the lower jaw. The fused teeth can caus...
The genetic basis of craniofacial and dental abnormalities
Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie = Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia / SSO, 2011
The embryonic head development, including the formation of dental structures, is a complex and delicate process guided by specific genetic programs. Genetic changes and environmental factors can disturb the execution of these programs and result in abnormalities in orofacial and dental structures. Orofacial clefts and hypodontia/ oligodontia are examples of such abnormalities frequently seen in dental clinics. An insight into the mechanisms and genes involved in the formation of orofacial and dental structures has been gradually gained by genetic analysis of families and by the use of experimental vertebrate models such as the mouse and chick models. The development of novel clinical therapies for orofacial and dental pathological conditions depends very much on a detailed knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes that are involved in head formation.
Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement
TheScientificWorldJournal, 2011
Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment. Copyright © 2011 Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin et al.