Modeling and Optimization of Reactive Extraction of Citric Acid (original) (raw)
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Modeling and Optimization of Reactive Extraction of Gallic Acid Using RSM
Chemical Engineering Communications, 2017
Reactive extraction was experimentally investigated for recovery of gallic acid from the aqueous solution using tri-n-octylamine as extractant in hexanol. All experiments were carried out according to statistical design in order to develop a regression model used to optimize the extraction of gallic acid. Two independent variables were selected as: initial concentration of gallic acid (C GA0) in aqueous phase and concentration of tri-noctylamine (C TOA) in organic phase. The statistical analysis showed that both the independent variables had significant effect on response value, followed by the quadratic and interactive effect on response. A Five level central composite rotatable design was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (R 2 = 99.0 %). The optimal extraction conditions of gallic acid were determined as: C GA0 = 2.01 g/L, C TOA = 6.8 %v/v. At the optimum conditions, the experimental yield of gallic acid was 91.9 %, which was in close agreement with the predicted value of 93.2 %.
Reactive Extraction of Gallic Acid With Tri-n-Caprylylamine
This paper presents an optimization study of reactive extraction of gallic acid from aqueous solution with tri-n-caprylylamine in hexanol. Extraction efficiency was optimized as a function of process variables: initial gallic acid concentration in the aqueous phase (C GA), tri-n-caprylylamine concentration (C TNCA) used as an extractant, and extraction temperature (T). Response surface methodology in conjunction with central composite design containing sixteen experimental runs was statistically employed for the reactive extraction of gallic acid. A statistical model predicted an extraction efficiency of 80.2% at the optimal values of process parameters as follows: C GA = 0.0147 mol L À1 , C TNCA = 0.234 mol L À1 , and T = 25 1C. Using these optimal parameters under experimental conditions in three independent replicates an extraction efficiency of 81.2% was obtained which was in close agreement with the predicted one.
Optimization of Process Parameters for Reactive Separation of Gallic Acid
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2018
Reactive extraction of gallic acid (GA) from aqueous solution was studied using extractant TOA and Aliquat 336 in hexanol and a comparative analysis were made for optimum extractant-diluent system with two factor central composite design. The model equations were developed using 13 experimentations, each with TOA and Aliquat 336. TOA and Aliquat 336 gave antagonistic and synergistic effects respectively for extraction of GA. The optimum conditions were observed as CTOA= 8.6 %, CGA0= 2.9 g/L and CALQ= 33.2 %, CGA0= 3 g/L with experimental extraction of 92.2 % and 96.5 % respectively. Lesser TOA and its non-toxicity for extraction of GA as compared to Aliquat 336 suggest TOA as better candidate in the prevailing conditions.
Reactive Extraction of Citric Acid Using Different Extractants: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Modeling
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 2018
Recovery of citric acid from biotechnologically produced low concentration aqueous solution has attracted several separation techniques for the downstream processing. Amongst them, reactive extraction is a convenient, cheap, and effective method. Three different extractants are used in this study, namely tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-n-octylamine (TOA), and Aliquat 336 (A336), all diluted in methyl-iso-butyl ketone (MIBK). The isothermal batch experiments were performed for the equilibrium and kinetic studies at T = 300.15±1 K. Around 92 % extraction efficiency (E %) was obtained using 20 % (v/v) TOA in MIBK. Based on the overloading of amine (Z > 0.5), (2:1) acid:extractant complex in TOA+MIBK phase was proposed. Kinetics of extraction of citric acid (0.2-0.8 kmol m-3) was also performed in a Lewis-type stirred cell, using TOA in MIBK. The extraction reaction was occurring in the diffusion film. The second order rate constant was calculated as k 2 = 0.0351 m 3 kmol-1 s-1. The extraction parameters were estimated by differential evolution optimization technique. Optimal value of equilibrium constant, K E , was found to be 3.6 • 10-3 (m 3 kmol-1) 2 , for the reactive extraction of citric acid using 20 % TOA in MIBK, and was found in close agreement with experimental values.
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2016
The present work is focused on the effect of temperature on extraction of gallic acid using Aliquat 336, tri-n-butyl phosphate and tri-n-octylamine in hexanol and octanol. Distribution coefficient, loading ratio, percent extraction, equilibrium complexation constant, water coextraction, enthalpy, and entropy change were evaluated for various acid−extractant− diluent combinations with varying temperature. The extraction of GA was found to be highly exothermic at lower molality of TBP in octanol with evaluated enthalpy change as −28 743 J/mol. The extraction of gallic acid process was favored at low temperature as the process was evaluated as an exothermic in nature. Maximum extraction efficiency of 97.3% was observed at higher molality of Aliquat 336 in hexanol at lower temperature.
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020
Citric acid is one of the most important natural organic acid and extensively used in pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages, personal care products and mainly manufactured in the form of aqueous solutions by fermentation processes. In this study, the removal of citric acid from aqueous solutions was investigated by reactive extraction using an extractant namely tributylamine (TBA) in octyl acetate. The effects of different parameters on the removal such as initial extractant (TBA) concentration in octyl acetate (0-1.2 mol L-1), initial citric acid concentration (0.26-0.78 mol L-1) and, organic: aqueous phase ratio (0.2-1.0 v/v) were examined. In order to evaluate the performance of reactive extraction operation, extraction efficiencies (E%), distribution coefficients (D) and loading factors (Z) were calculated by using the experimental data. Furthermore, an optimization work was carried out for the reactive extraction process of citric acid. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect of input variables on the reactive extraction. In the variables examined, it was determined that the initial TBA concentration in the organic phase was the most effective parameter for the removal of citric acid from aqueous solutions. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be initial TBA concentration in the organic phase of 1.2 mol L-1 , the initial citric acid concentration of 0.26 mol L-1 and organic: aqueous phase ratio of 1.0 (v/v), respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the predicted and experimental extraction efficiencies were obtained as 86.31% and 82.44%, respectively. The correlation coefficient values (R 2 and adjusted R 2 > 0.9) denoted that the obtained model equation represents the experimental data adequately.
2021
Bio production of gallic acid and its recovery from bioconversion media have captured considerable interest of researchers. Extractive separation with solvents can be utilized for the recovery of gallic acid; however, the issue of toxicity of solvents towards microbes needs to be addressed. Physical extraction with natural solvents is observed to be insufficient as highest distribution coefficient (KD) were observed to be 0.136 for sesame oil, 0.111 for rice bran oil and around 0.041 for sunflower oil. Higher separation efficiencies are desirable for a successful extraction system and in this regard employing a reactive component (extractants) could be intensified solution. Three different extractants (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-octyl amine (TOA) and Aliquat 336) were investigated for their capabilities to improve extraction when present in three non-toxic diluents (sunflower oil, rice bran oil and sesame oil) comprising 9 possible combinations employed over acid concentration...
Engineering Reports, 2020
Optimization of the process parameters for the extraction of a product from a solid substrate after bioconversion is essentially important to maximize the yield. The extraction of citric acid from the solid substrate of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) after bioconversion was initially optimized by following single factor variation. Following this, the extraction parameters were optimized statistically with the help of experimental design by Box-Behnken Design under Response Surface Methodology through the development of a second order regression model. The statistical analysis of the result showed that in the range studied all three factors, that is, shaking speed, solvent ratio, and shaking time, had a significant influence on the citric acid extraction. The highest amount of citric acid extracted was 337.34 ± 1.1 g/kg-dry EFB, for which the extraction parameters were a shaking speed of 125 rpm, a shaking time of 58.5 minutes, and a solvent ratio of 10.70. The coefficient of determination observed (R 2) from the analysis was .9921, indicating a satisfactory fit of the model with the response. The analysis showed that all the terms of the model were highly significant with the P-value <.05.
Experimental investigation of citric acid reactive extraction with solvent recycling
Bioprocess Engineering, 2000
Citric acid is one of the organic acids of which world market is growing every year. This paper proposes reactive extraction of citric acid with trioctylamine as an alternative to the classical method . An experimental setup with solvent recycling is presented. As organic solvents were used: octanol, cyclohexanol, iso-butyl alcohol and paraf®n oil. The removal ef®ciency is enhanced when the reactive extraction is accompanied by back-extraction using sodium carbonate as stripping agent.