Evolution of Resistance in Poultry Intestinal Escherichia coli During Three Commonly Used Antimicrobial Therapeutic Treatments in Poultry (original) (raw)
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Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2013
Development of antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of farm animals and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the agricultural sector not only threaten veterinary use of antibiotics, but jeopardize human health care as well. The effects of exposure to antibiotics on spread and development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from the chicken gut were studied. Groups of 15 pullets each were exposed under strictly controlled conditions to a 2-day course of amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, or enrofloxacin, added to the drinking water either at full therapeutic dose, 75% of that, or at the carry-over level of 2.5%. During treatment and for 12 days afterwards, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the applied antibiotics of E. coli strains isolated from cloacal swabs was measured. The full therapeutic dose yielded the highest percentage of resistant strains during and immediately after exposure. After 12 days without antibiotics, only strains from chickens that were given amoxicillin were significantly more often resistant than the untreated control. Strains isolated from pullets exposed to carryover concentrations were only for a few days more often resistant than those from the control. These results suggest that, if chickens must be treated with antibiotics, a short intensive therapy is preferable. Even short-term exposure to carry-over levels of antibiotics can be a risk for public health, as also under those circumstances some selection for resistance takes place.
Isolation and antibacterial susceptibility of Escherichia coli from poultry
2020
Escherichia coli is one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of poultry throughout the world, leading to remarkable economic burden. Human cases of antibiotic resistance has been recently linked to drug resistant animal source bacteria, which have drawn more attention towards poultry industry in particular. The present study was conducted on broiler population to isolate and identify the bacteria from clinical cases, followed by antibiotic study. A total of 24 isolates out of 68 liver and blood samples were successfully detected. Maximum resistance was found against enrofloxacin (86.3%), oxytetracycline (75%) and norfloxacin (66.7%). Whereas sensitivity was found maximum against chloramphenicol (95.8%) and streptomycin (87.5%) followed by amoxicillin, amikacin and cephalexin, making them available for use in treatment and control of the disease.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007
Escherichia coli strains isolated from commercial broilers and an experimental flock of chickens were screened to determine phenotypic expression of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of drug resistance determinants. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of oxytetracycline, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin administration on the distribution of resistance determinants and strain types among intestinal commensal E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. We detected a high prevalence of resistance to drugs such as tetracycline (36 to 97%), sulfonamides (50 to 100%), and streptomycin (53 to 100%) in E. coli isolates from treated and untreated flocks. These isolates also had a high prevalence of class 1 integron carriage, and most of them possessed the streptomycin resistance cassette, aadA1. In order to investigate the contribution of E. coli strain distribution to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the resistance determinants, isolates from each flock were DNA fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) PCR. Although very diverse E. coli strain types were detected, four ERIC strain types were present on all of the commercial broiler farms, and two of the strains were also found in the experimental flocks. Each E. coli strain consisted of both susceptible and antimicrobial agent-resistant isolates. In some instances, isolates of the same E. coli strain expressed the same drug resistance patterns although they harbored different tet determinants or streptomycin resistance genes. Therefore, drug resistance patterns could not be explained solely by strain prevalence, indicating that mobile elements contributed significantly to the prevalence of resistance.
Antibiogram and Multi-drug Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Poultry Feeds
Research Square (Research Square), 2023
High cost of poultry feeds necessitate feed retailing to small scale farmers. Retailing of feeds however, breaches feed biosecurity, enhances microbial contamination including antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The present study evaluated the antibiogram and multi-drug resistance pro le of E. coli from retail poultry feeds in Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 390 feed samples from broiler starter, broiler nisher, chick grower, and layer ration belonging to various feed brands were collected for the study. Presumptive E. coli bacteria were isolated from samples following standard microbiological techniques and con rmed as E. coli using biochemical tests. Isolate antibiotic resistance was evaluated using 10 antibiotic agents. There was high prevalence of zero inhibition zone diameters among resistance zone diameters, and extensive antibiotic resistance by isolates. Of the 114 isolates, eight (7 %) were completely sensitive while 29 (25.4 %) were completely resistant (MDRI: 1.0). Feed brand J and broiler starter yielded the most resistant isolates. Resistance to cell wall inhibitors were the most prevalent (79.2 %) while nalidixic acid was the most resisted antibiotic (n = 99, 86.8 %). Antibiotic resistance status and source of isolates showed signi cant association across feed brands (χ 2 = 49.085, p < 0.000), and feed types (χ 2 = 25.429, p < 0.000); and for feed brands within states (χ 2 = 16.518, p < 0.001; χ 2 = 30.768, p < 0.000; and χ 2 = 20.025, p < 0.006 for Abia, Ebonyi and Enugu States, respectively). Antibiotic agent and resistance status of isolates were signi cantly related across feed brands in Abia State. There were 41 multi-drug resistance patterns of which the most frequent involved eight antibiotics (n = 12, 29.3 %). In conclusion, retail poultry feeds harbor multi-drug resistant E. coli bacteria. Feed retailing should be outlawed, and feed companies made to bag graded small quantities for resource poor farmers.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chickens in West of Algeria
2014
Modern poultry flocks undergo strong microbial pressure. Antibiotics can contribute to reduce bacterial infections. Their use increased these last years. Studies performed in Morocco and Algeria highlighted the importance of antibioresistance after excessive use of antibiotics in poultry breeding. In western Algeria, 240 strains of enterobacteriaceae were isolated according to usual bacteriological procedures. In order to assess antimicrobial resistance, the disc diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility (tetracycline (TE), enrofloxacin (ENR), trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole (SXT), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (AMC), ceftiofur (KF), colistin (CT), neomycin (N), gentamicin (GN) and chloramphenicol (C) was applied (Antibioresistance Committee of the French Microbiology Society, 2010). All enterobacteriaceae strains isolated presented at least one resistance to those antibiotics. Escherichia coli counted for 47.5% of these strains (N=114). By omitting intermediate resistances, 28% of...
Information on the level to which commercial feeds and feed raw materials are involved in the dissemination o anti-microbial resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria in Nigeria is necessary for feed and stock management. Forty four Escherichia coli isolates from 4 commercial feed brands coded SF, GF, TF and ACF and from 90 various feed raw materials such, f sh meal (FM), maize (MA), maize offal (MO), wheat offal (WO), spent grain (SG), blood meal (BM) and soybean meal (SM) etc were screened for anti-microbial resistance profile against 10 antibiotics using the d sc d fusion method. Overall, the isolates recorded 80.8 % resistance to cefuroxime, 76.9 % to nalidixic acid, 75 % to ampicillin, and 59 6 % to cotrimoxazole while very low 7 7 % was recorded for tetracycline and 5 8 % for gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Across commercial feed brands, isolates from SF were resistant to nitrofurantoin (100 %), nalidixic acid (50 %) and ampicillin (70 %), while those from TF, GF and ACF were resistant to 7 6 and 5 antibiotics respectively. Resistance against ampicillin, nalidixic acid and cefuroxime, in isolates from SG, palm kernel cake (PK), MO and WO were high. Organisms iso ated from SG and PK recorded high resistance against cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. Isolates from bone/limestone (B/L) reg stered 100 % resistance against ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and cefuroxime, while those from maize MA recorded 100 % resistance to cefuroxime and norfloxacin, and over 70 % to nalidixic acid. Soybean meal isolates values for nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ampicillin were high but below 80 %. Thirty fives resistance patterns were observed; w th the CF-NB-CO-NA-AM pattern being the most predominant (occurring 10 times). The present data shows that commercial feeds and feed raw materials are important vehicles for the introduction of mult-drug resistance encoding E coli into poultry.
Multiple antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Iran
Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused by Escherichia coli infections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with colisepticemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistant E. coli among diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2013
In Setif East Algeria, one hundred and eighty Escherichia coli strains were isolated frombroiler chickens with colibacillosis and were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobials of veterinary significance. In vitro antibiotic activities of 12 antibiotic substances against the isolates were determined by disc diffusion test. Antibiogram revealed a high level of resistance to enrofloxacin (72.2%), neomycin (75%), trimethoprim-sulfmethoxazole (82.2%), ampicillin (84.5%) and amoxicillin (87.8%), nalidixic acid (96.7%) and doxycycline (98.3%). There were moderate levels of resistance to chloramphenicol (45.6%) and streptomycin (66.1%). There were low levels of resistance to nitrofurantoin (18.9%), colistin (5.5) and gentamicin (5.5%). All strains were multi-drug resistant and more than half (56.1%) of the isolates were resistant to eight antibiotics. Thus, 60 antibiotic resistant patterns in E. coli strains were isolated, of which 13 were present significantly. These findings suggest ...
Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria
Veterinary World, 2020
Background and Aim: Escherichia coli can cause a number of serious infections both in human and veterinary medicine. Their management is increasingly complicated by the emergence and dissemination of multiresistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance level to the commonly used antibiotics, with a focus on the first-line antimicrobial agents, in E. coli strains isolated from poultry in Western Algeria. Materials and Methods: E. coli culture was done on MacConkey agar and their identification was determined by AP20E system. For susceptibility testing, disk diffusion method to 14 antimicrobials, including first-line antibiotics, was used according to Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton agar and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. E. coli isolates were considered as multidrug resistance (MDR) when found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent of three different families of antibiotics. Double-disk synergy and combination disk tests were used for initial screening and confirmation for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production, respectively. Results: A total of 145 E. coli strains were isolated in this study. High resistance levels to various antibiotics, including commonly used first-line antimicrobial agents, were recorded in this study. The highest resistance level was observed against nalidixic acid (90.34%, n=131), followed by tetracycline (86.89%, n=126), ampicillin (82.75%, n=120), enrofloxacin (80.68%, n=117) and neomycin (80.68%, n=117), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (73.79%, n=107), norfloxacin (72.41%, n=105) and cephalothin (72.41%, n=105), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (51.72%, n=75), chloramphenicol (22.75%, n=33), nitrofurantoin (17.24%, n=25), gentamicin (13.10%, n=19), and ceftiofur (3.44%, n=5). Moreover, resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics was also demonstrated in the present study. Overall, 139 out of 145 isolates (95.86%) demonstrated MDR (resistant to at least three antibiotics). In addition, five E. coli isolates (3.44%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers. Conclusion: The alarming rate of E. coli resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics in poultry demands intensified surveillance. These results call for taking drastic measures to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and reduce the emergence risks of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant E. coli isolates.
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of resistant Escherichia Coli from poultry waste
BIBECHANA, 2012
The study was conducted in Kathmandu valley to investigate the relationship between the use of antibiotic and the development of the resistant form of Escherichia coli (E.coli), which were isolated from faecal waste of poultry farm. Out of 30 samples investigated, 20 samples were found to be E.coli positive. It was further investigated that the resistance pattern for the isolates of E.coli from poultry farm was tetracycline (100%), penicillin (100%), erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin (90%) and chloramphenicol (60%). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7188 BIBECHANA 9 (2013) 136-140