Fire Evacuation Simulation Considering the Movement of Pedestrian According to Fire Spread (original) (raw)
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Fire accident in a shopping mall, garments factory and other labor intensive industries nowadays has become a common incident in Bangladesh and poses a great threat to life, facilities and economy of our country. In this work, fire and evacuation simulation was performed for a single stored shopping complex utilizing computational fluid dynamic techniques. Fire Dynamic Simulator with evacuation (FDS+Evac) software was used to simulate a shopping mall fire and study the effects of fire on the emergency egress process of people. The shopping mall of area 64 m 2 comprises of seven rooms with a pool fire at the center of the mall is modeled for simulation. The total evacuation time (TET) for a fixed population density were estimated with the change of heat release rate, soot yield, soot density and the design pattern or geometry of shopping mall. The evacuation of agents in different time and different design pattern of the mall has been assessed using the data obtained from the simulation. FDS+Evac provides an integrating platform where the interaction between fire growth and evacuees can be taken into account by simultaneous simulation allowing a full coupling of the fire conditions and human behavior. This makes FDS is an effective tool for simulating large and high density crowds where the movement dynamics of evacuees is affected by the crowd pressure. Full scale fire experiment is often quite difficult to study the fine and crowds evacuation behavior. This paper illustrates a promising application of fire dynamic simulator (FDS+Evac) for fire and evacuation modeling to predict the total evacuation time.
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The negative consequence of fire, especially fire in public buildings, brings too much of lost in both human and money. The fire evacuation specialists proposed many evacuate techniques, methods and policies adapting to the given building, groups of people, or situations. However, conducting experiments to test these proposed solutions, in the reality, is nearly impossible. Therefore, simulation of fire and fire evacuation to evaluate these proposals is a reasonable solution. This paper proposes an agent-based model for modeling and simulation of fire evacuation in public buildings. The model is implemented and tested using the GAMA agent-based simulation platform.
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Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2021
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Modeling of Emergency Evacuation in Building Fire
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2020
One of the main problems of rescue workers in confrontation of fired complex buildings is the lack of sufficient information about the building indoor environment and their emergency exit ways. Building information modeling (BIM) is a database for building a 3D model of building information to create a 3D building geometry network model. This paper has implemented some GIS and BIM integration analyses to determine the shortest and safest paths to people under fire risk and simulate their movement in the building. Plasco building was a multi-story shop in Tehran which has been fired in 2017 and destroyed. This paper attempts to simulate the firefighting and rescue operations in Plasco Building using an integration of BIM and GIS. There is no detailed information about the building and the fire incident, therefore the developed BIM and corresponding geometric network might differ slightly. The shortest and safest paths to the exit door or windows where the fire ladders are located are computed and analyzed. As a result of 15 scenarios developed in this paper, it was found that at 87% of the cases, the safest paths for the emergency exit of the people at risk were longer than the shortest paths. This study has evaluated different scenarios for the shortest and safest paths using Dijkstra algorithm considering different origins and destination points in the 3D indoor environment to assist the rescue operations.
An Evacuation Model For Use In Fire Safety Design Of Buildings
Fire Safety Science, 1989
An evacuation model was developed in a research project of the Ministry of Construction: "Development of Fire Safety Design Method of Buildings". The model is to be used as a tool for an evacuation design. It is to predict and evaluate evacuation time of people in a fire. The scope of application of the model is restricted only to the evacuation of low level hazard. This is a kind of network model and assumes that evacuees move like a fluid. The predicted results using the model is compared with the observed egress time by field measurements of Tsukuba Int'l Expo'85. The comparison showed that they were in good agreement. Consequently, this evacuation model can be used as a reasonable tool for design purposes. Also, a method was developed for visual presentation of the predicted evacuation behavior by personal computer graphics.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2019
Fire prevention in museums is a much more complex matter because the safeguarding of human life must be integrated both with the protection of the cultural heritage of buildings and the unrepeatability of the works of art exhibited. While most fires cannot be prevented, implementing complementary safety measures can help both to mitigate the negative impacts and limit costs. This is an issue that researchers have little investigated over time and thus very few studies are available in the literature. The paper shows the results of fire simulation and visitors' evacuation processes from one-exit multi-storey historical building, which is used prevalently as a museum, equipped additionally with a non-invasive supplementary countermeasure based on an automatic people entry flow control system in the hall of the building. For achieving the purpose of our research, an extension of the analysis tools generally applied in the field of engineering was made. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling showed that for all fire scenarios investigated the gradual spread of combustion gases and smoke is influenced by fire size, building geometry, and chimney effect along the ceiling and the stairwell. The very high temperatures that could endanger the building structure and lining occurred only in the fire room. Evacuation simulations showed the effectiveness of the current fire safety plan and equipment to manage fire emergencies, and suggested including in security procedures staff alert and guidance for a quick evacuation of visitors. People entry flow micro-simulation proved that the implementation of a control system, which counted both the number of visitors and those leaving the museum in the same time and stopped temporarily the passages through the entrance, prevented the possibility of having an overcrowded museum for the safety of occupants in the event of fire.
Development of a Safest Routing Algorithm for Evacuation Simulation in Case of Fire
2014
Route choice of pedestrians during an emergency evacuation can be influenced by many factors. In this contribution we elaborate three criteria to consider during an evacuation with a fire hazard. The criteria are combined in an objective function which is minimized during the simulation. The function defines the safeness of a route. In addition an algorithm is presented which evaluated and redirect the pedestrians to the safest path during the simulation. The algorithm shows a positive impact on the evacuation time and overall on the safety during an evacuation simulation. A long term goal of the presented algorithm could be the integration in an evacuation system that gives instructions or recommendations during the evacuation process using dynamic indicators.
2016
A pedestrian evacuation under fire-spreading conditions is simulated by using a two-dimensional cellular automaton model.The proposed model presents a non-static fire-spreading behavior to avoid considerable discrepancies between reality and simulation.The proposed model adopts a circular fire front shape based on spiral fire movement.Moreover, four dynamic parameters are introduced to simplify the decision-making process of a pedestrian’s movement inside the layout during fire spreading.In addition, the proposed model includes the number of victims (i.e., caught in the fire) and the number of pedestrians who were evacuated safely.By analyzing these variables, a suitable evacuation plan enabling the control of crowd movements in different situations such as fire disasters can be consequently designed.
Agent-based evacuation model of large public buildings under fire conditions
It is an important issue that all occupants should be able to evacuate to safety from large public buildings under fire conditions. In this paper, a system simulation model is presented, in which a physical model and a mathematical model are included. Based on the agent technology, a computer program is developed to simulate and analyze the egress progress in large public buildings through combining rule reasoning with numerical calculation, and some crowd pedestrian flow phenomenon, such as aching, rerouting, etc, could be observed from visual illustration of the scenarios. By coupling with the fire scenario simulated by CFD technology, the computer simulation program may represent the overall and dynamic process of occupants' evacuation under fire expansion, and the mutual relationship between occupants' safety and fire hazard. An indoor stadium which was used as a competition venue for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is studied as a case.
Numerical Simulation Evaluation of Fire Spreading in a Building Using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)
Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences
The 3D model of a building was built to analyze the scene of a fire with reference to the real situation. The process of evolution of a fire was simulated with FDS. The evolution time of the fire, the degree of danger, the temperature as well as the visibility was analyzed. Architectural solutions that could be considered for the prevention and evolution of fire in the presented situations were also analyzed. The results of the simulations in the proposed scenarios showed that solutions could be found to prevent the spread of fire. The results of the study provide a real base for improving the evacuation conditions and limiting the damage caused by fire in single-family buildings.