Prevalence of Protozoa Species in Drinking and Environmental Water Sources in Sudan (original) (raw)
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2016
Background: Pathogenic water dwelling protozoa such as Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp., Naegleria spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are often responsible for devastating illnesses especially in children and immunocompromised individuals, yet their presence and prevalence in certain environment in sub-Saharan Africa is still unknown to most researchers, public health officials and medical practitioners. The objective of this study was to establish the presence and prevalence of pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA), Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA). Methods: Samples were collected from communal taps and natural water sites in QEPA. Physical water parameters were measured in situ. The samples were processed to detect the presence of FLA trophozoites by xenic cultivation, Cryptosporidium oocysts by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and Giardia cysts by Zinc Sulphate floatation technique. Parasites were observed microscopically, identified, counted and recorded. For FLA, genomic DNA was extracted for amplification and sequencing. Results: Both natural and tap water sources were contaminated with FLA, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. All protozoan parasites were more abundant in the colder rainy season except for Harmannella spp. and Naegleria spp. which occurred more in the warmer months. The prevalence of all parasites was higher in tap water than in natural water samples. There was a strong negative correlation between the presence of Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. with Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (P < 0.05). The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with conductivity, pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS); whereas the presence of Giardia spp. had only a strong positive correlation with TDS. Molecular genotyping of FLA produced 7 Acanthamoeba, 5 Echinamoeba, 2 Hartmannella, 1 Bodomorpha, 1 Nuclearia and 1 Cercomonas partial sequences. Conclusions: All water collection sites were found to be contaminated with pathogenic protozoa that could possibly be the cause of a number of silent morbidities and mortalities among rural households in QEPA. This implies that water used by communities in QEPA is of poor quality and predisposes them to a variety of protozoan infections including the FLA whose public health importance was never reported, thus necessitating adoption of proper water safety measures.
Detection rates of waterborne protozoa in water sources from Fayoum Governorate
Parasitologists United Journal
Background: Waterborne protozoal infections are common health problems in many parts of the world especially in developing countries. Water is a major vehicle for transmission of protozoa such as G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. as well as pathogenic and opportunistic free living amoeba (FLA). Objective: This study aims to detect the presence of protozoal agents in tap water and storage water tanks at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: A total of ninety five water samples were collected from different water sources, taps (65) and tanks (30), from 6 Fayoum districts. The samples were processed to detect the presence of G. lamblia cysts by Lugol's iodine stain, Cryptosporidium oocysts by modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and FLA by cultivation. After cultivation, Acanthamoeba spp. were identified according to their morphological features and flagellation test was performed to detect amoeboflagellates. Results: All water samples collected from tanks (100%) were contaminated by protozoa of medical importance, while only 6 (9.2%) of the tap water samples were pathogen free. The majority of water samples were contaminated with mixed protozoal infections. The overall detection rates of contaminants in water sources were 86.3%, 52.6%, 13.7% by FLA, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia, respectively. Conclusions: The recorded detection rates of waterborne protozoa present a hazard to the community resulting in silent morbidities and mortalities. It is strongly recommended to adopt proper water safety measures.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2021
Protozoal water contamination is an alarming cause of countless waterborne outbreaks. The most eminent causal protozoa are Cryptosporidium and Giardia species (spp.) as they can endure aquatic environment even with chlorine disinfectants. The currently used traditional techniques cannot permit an easy detection of the waterborne protozoa concerning their count, viability, and pathogenicity. The present work detected protozoal contamination of the drinking water in Egypt with the determination of their load, viability and potential pathogenicity. Four techniques were compared including conventional staining techniques, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, flow cytometry (FC) and molecular study. Also, viability was assessed by conventional trypan blue stain and nucleic acid stain. Along a year, 64 water samples were collected and concentrated from water tanks and tap water of different districts, significant differences (P < 0.001) was between the different techniques in each season ...
Isolation and Identification of Parasitic Protozoa in Sampled Water From the Southwest of Iran
Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 2014
Background: In spite of promotion of people's hygiene in the recent years, parasitic infection problems are present in many parts of the world especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Water is one of the major sources for acquiring parasitic infections, especially protozoan parasites. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the present parasitic agents in river, tap water and filtrated water in the western part of Ahvaz city. Materials and Methods: Forty-four water samples were collected from different sources of the studied area. The samples were examined by routine parasitology methods using light microscopy. Results: Twenty-eight out of 44 water samples were positive for parasitic contamination with cysts and oocysts of four parasitic protozoa including: 50% Entamoeba spp (22 out of 44 samples), 27.27% Cryptosporidium spp (12 out of 44 samples), 13.63% Blastocystis spp (6 out of 44 samples) and 9.09% Giardia spp (4 out of 44 samples). Conclusions: The parasite infection rate in water is high and deficits of water quality should be solved by water organization responders. It is strongly recommended to use home filtration systems for consumption of safe water.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2014
Little is known about the role of different water supplies in the diversity and public health significance of pathogenic protozoan parasites. Most of these organisms have been ubiquitous in waters worldwide. The numbers of waterborne infections indicate a significant risk for their transmission even by drinking water. Hence, a total of 336 water samples were collected during 2009-2013 from different water sources from different areas of northern part of El-Minia Governorate, Egypt and were investigated for pathogenic protozoa. They were examined by direct microscopy followed by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Giemsa stains. 140 samples (41.7 %) were positive (statistically significant; P value P<0.0003). Prevalence rates were in Summer (66.7%), Spring (51.1%), Fall (26.2 %) and Winter (22.6%). These data were statistically significant (P<0.0001). The commonest protozoa detected as a single infection was Cryptosporidium sp. (53.17%) found in all water supplies, followed by Blastocystis hominis (15.87%), Cyclospora caytenensis (11.9%), Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar (8.73%) Giardia lamblia (6.35%) and Naegleria sp., (3.97%). Moreover, there were 14 samples with mixed parsitic infection: they were Cryptosporidium sp. and B. hominis in six samples, Cryptosporidium sp. and C. caytenensisin five samples and Cryptosporidium sp. and E. histolytica/dispar in three samples. The most common contaminated water source was ponds where 32 samples (66.7%) were positive followed by canal water 30 samples (62.5%). The results were discussed and the recommendations were offered.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011
The study whose results are presented here aimed at identifying free-living protozoa (FLP) and conditions favoring the growth of these organisms and cultivable Legionella spp. in drinking water supplies in a tropical region. Treated and distributed water (±30°C) of the water supplies of three Caribbean islands were sampled and investigated with molecular techniques, based on the 18S rRNA gene. The protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and cultivable Legionella pneumophila were observed in all three supplies. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the highest similarity to the potential or candidate hosts Acanthamoeba spp., Echinamoeba exundans , E. thermarum , and an Neoparamoeba sp. were detected as well. In total, 59 OTUs of FLP were identified. The estimated protozoan richness did not differ significantly between the three supplies. In supply CA-1, the concentration of H. vermiformis correlated with the concentration of Legionella spp. and clones related to Amoebozoa predomina...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009
Free-living protozoan communities in water supplies may include hosts for Legionella pneumophila and other undesired bacteria, as well as pathogens. This study aimed at identifying free-living protozoa in two unchlorinated groundwater supplies, using cultivation-independent molecular approaches. For this purpose, samples (<20°C) of treated water, distributed water, and distribution system biofilms were collected from supply A, with a low concentration of natural organic matter (NOM) (<0.5 ppm of C), and from supply B, with a high NOM concentration (7.9 ppm of C). Eukaryotic communities were studied using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses of partial 18S rRNA gene fragments and a Hartmannella vermiformis -specific quantitative PCR (qPCR). In both supplies, highly diverse eukaryotic communities were observed, including free-living protozoa, fungi, and metazoa. Sequences of protozoa clustered with Amoebozoa (10 operational taxonomic units...
Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia
Parasitology Research, 2016
We evaluated the presence of DNA of Giardia, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium by PCR, and of Giardia and Cryptosporidium genera by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), in water samples, before, during, and after plant treatment for drinkable water. We applied this method in 38 samples of 10 l of water taken from each of the water treatment steps and in 8 samples taken at home (only for Toxoplasma PCR) in Quindio region in Colombia. There were 8 positive samples for Cryptosporidium parvum (21 %), 4 for Cryptosporidium hominis (10.5 %), 27 for Toxoplasma gondii (58.6 %), 2 for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A (5.2 %), and 5 for G. duodenalis assemblage B (13.1 %). By IFAT, 23 % were positive for Giardia and 21 % for Cryptosporidium. An almost perfect agreement was found between IFAT and combined results of PCR, by Kappa composite proportion analysis. PCR positive samples were significantly more frequent in untreated raw water for C. parvum (p = 0.02). High mean of fecal coliforms, high pH values, and low mean of chlorine residuals were strongly correlated with PCR positivity for G. duodenalis assemblage B. High pH value was correlated with PCR positivity for C. parvum. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences was possible, showing water and human clinical sequences for Toxoplasma within the same phylogenetic group for B1 repeated sequence. PCR assay is complementary to IFAT assay for monitoring of protozoa in raw and drinkable water, enabling species identification and to look for phylogenetic analysis in protozoa from human and environmental sources.
Protozoan Parasites Associated With Different Water Sources In Lokoja Metropolis
This study was conducted to examine and identify the protozoan parasites associated with different water sources in Lokoja metropolis. A total of 600 water samples were collected, from Tap, Borehole, well and River waters for six month between February, 2018 and July, 2018 these samples were collected from five different locations namely; Lokongoma, Meme Bridge, Adankolo, kpata and Old Market in Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria. Lugol's iodine was used to stain the parasites, using colouration to show parasitic features, 9 protozoan parasites were recovered from Well and River water source while no parasite was recorded for Tap and Borehole water sources.Entamoebahistolytica was observed to be the most prevalent protozoan parasite (49.8%) followed by Cocccidia species (21.3%) Opalina species (11.6%), Balantidium coli (10.7%), Chilomastixmesnili and Giardia species (2.2%), Neigleriaspecies (1.3%) while Amphileptusspecies andChillodonella species had the least occurrence of (0.4%). Out of the 225 different stages recovered, 80 of them were cysts, 50 were Oocyst while trophozoites were 95. Most of the protozoan parasites were recovered from River Niger water source in Old Market site (41.8%), followed by Lokongoma (18.2%), Meme Bridge (14.7%), Kpata (12.9%) and Adankolo had (12.4%). The month of July had the highest number of protozoan occurrence (31.6%) followed by the month of June with (18.7%) then April (16.9%), May (13.3) and March (11.6%) while the month of February had the least number of occurrence (8.0%) the result of this study shows that, water-bodies especially rivers used by inhabitants for drinking, cooking, house chores, fishing, recreation are heavily parasitizedand government intervention is required to reduce the rate of contamination, since Well water had low level of contamination, simple water treatment such as filtration, Chlorination and other disinfectants will be of great help and measures should be put in place for the provision of pipe borne-water in communities where they are lacking.