Interactions of Extracts of Selected Macrofungi and Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c Strain Albino Mice (original) (raw)
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Malaria Journal, 2015
Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is debilitating and sometimes fatal. Disease severity has been associated with poor treatment access, therapeutic complexity and drug resistance and, thus, alternative therapies are increasingly necessary. In this study, the effect of the administration of Agaricus blazei, a mushroom of Brazilian origin in a model of CM caused by Plasmodium berghei, strain ANKA, was investigated in mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were pre-treated with aqueous extract or fractions of A. blazei, or chloroquine, infected with P. berghei ANKA and then followed by daily administration of A. blazei or chloroquine. Parasitaemia, body weight, survival and clinical signs of the disease were evaluated periodically. The concentration of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, histopathology and in vitro analyses were performed. Results: Mice treated with A. blazei aqueous extract or fraction C, that shows antioxidant activity, displayed lower parasitaemia, increased survival, reduced weight loss and protection against the development of CM. The administration of A. blazei resulted in reduced levels of TNF, IL-1β and IL-6 production when compared to untreated P. berghei-infected mice. Agaricus blazei (aqueous extract or fraction C) treated infected mice displayed reduction of brain lesions. Although chloroquine treatment reduced parasitaemia, there was increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and damage in the CNS not observed with A. blazei treatment. Moreover, the in vitro pretreatment of infected erythrocytes followed by in vivo infection resulted in lower parasitaemia, increased survival, and little evidence of clinical signs of disease. Conclusions: This study strongly suggests that the administration of A. blazei (aqueous extract or fraction C) was effective in improving the consequences of CM in mice and may provide novel therapeutic strategies.
In vivo anti-malarial potentials of some plants extracts on ICR-mice, Mus musculus
Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016
Five medicinal plants, Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae), Citrus aurantifolia (Rutaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae), and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) used for the treatment of malaria/ fever by the Hausa people of Kano-Nigeria were selected based on their traditional claims. These were extracted using ethanol. The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of these extracts against laboratory adapted chloroquine susceptible strain of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) were earlier reported (Dabo et al. 2013). This study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of four of these extracts using icr mice in the 4-day suppressive test against P. berghei. The extracts evaluated were: Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae) stem extract coded as ANSF1; Citrus aurantifolia (Rutaceae) leaf extract coded as CALF1; Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) leaf extract coded as MILF1 and combination of C. aurantifolia, Carica papaya (Caricaceae), M. indica and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) leaves extract coded as CBLF1. CALF1, ANSF1 and CBLF1 (combination) exhibited appreciable degree of suppression of 31.06%, 25.16 and %16.35% respectively. MILF1 did not exhibit any suppression against the P. berghei parasite in vivo at all. With the exception of haemoglobin content (P<0.0363), haematological analysis of the various blood parameters of mice in the control and treated mice indicated no statistical difference (P>0.05). Thus it can be concluded that, the apparent absence of changes in haematological profile alongside activities exhibited by CALF1 (Rutaceae), CBLF1 (a combination) and ANSF1 (Fabaceae),) suggest the bio-availability and antiplasmodial activities of the active substances in the plants evaluated.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2012
This study was aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activity (using some biochemical indices) of crude aqueous extracts of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom with well-established medicinal properties. A rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei (1 × 10 7), was inoculated intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice. The test groups were administered G. lucidum extract and chloroquine (CQ, as standard drug), while the control groups were administered the same amount of distilled water by an intragastric tube once daily. The antimalarial activity of the extract was investigated from the suppressive, curative, and prophylactic effects of the extract on parasite growth. Serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma glutamine transpeptidase (γ-GT) levels monitored following the 4-day suppressive test were significantly reduced, with a corresponding significant increase in the livers of mice treated with the extract compared with infected untreated mice. The results obtained from this study provide scientific justification in an animal model of malaria that an ethanolic extract of G. lucidum possesses potent antimalarial activity and also could help ameliorate the attendant Plasmodium-induced liver damage due to malarial infection.
Cymbopogon citrates leaves, Khaya senagalesis stem bark, Parquetina nigrescens leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, Terminalia glaucescens stem bark and Zingiber officinale rhizome are used traditionally to treat malaria. This study evaluate the effects of the aqueous extracts of C. citrates leaves, K. senagalesis stem bark, P. nigrescens leaves, P.guajava, T. glaucescens stem bark and Z. officinale rhizome respectively on the heamatological status of NK 65 Plasmodium berghei (chloroquine sensitive parasite) infected mice. Fourty five (45) albino mice with average weight 25.5 ± 1.45g were randomly grouped into nine (9). Mice in group A serve as control not infected. Groups B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I were inoculated intraperitoneally with P. berghei. Groups C, D, E, F, G, H and I were treated with 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine, 200mg/kg body weight of C. citrates, K. senagalesis, P. nigrescens, P. guajava, T. glaucescens and Z. officinale aqueous extracts respectively. On day 5, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), packed cell volume, haemoglobin count (Hb), lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were assessed. There were significant (p<0.05) increase in the Hb count, RBC and PCV levels of the extract treated P. berghei infected mice in each group when compared with the untreated P. berghei infected mice. In the extracts treated infected mice, lymphocyte count was significantly (p<0.05) increased with concomitant decrease in neutrophil count. Our Findings show that all the extracts used has anti-anaemic properties and anti-inflammatory potential with extracts of P. nigrescens, P. guajava, T. glaucescens and Z. officinale demonstrating higher potential.
Hematological and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated in Plasmodium berghei–infected mice. Extract was administered at doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight by an intragastric tube once daily for 14 d starting from the fourth day after parasite inoculation. At the end of treatment period, mice in each group were sacrificed and blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. A significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed in serum malondialdehyde content with a corresponding significant (P<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the extract-treated groups compared to the infected but untreated group. The results obtained suggest that crude aqueous extract of G. lucidum fruiting bodies possesses potent antioxidant activity that protects hemoglobin against Plasmodium-induced oxidative damage. These findings seem to justify the use of the plant in traditional African and Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. ABBREVIATIONS: AQ 100 , infected mice treated with 100 mg/kg aqueous extract; AQ 250 , infected mice treated with 250 mg/kg aqueous extract; AQ 500 , infected mice treated with 500 mg/kg aqueous extract; CNDB, 1
Anti-plasmodial Effect of C. limon and C. paradisi extracts on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2021
Antiplasmodial effect of Citrus limon and Citrus paradisi extracts on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice was studied. Twenty five albino mice were randomized into five categories of G, L, GL, ACT (positive control) and NC which stand for grape, lemon, grape and lemon combined extracts, artemisinin combined therapy and negative control respectively. The NC group did not receive any intervention. Other treatments were administered orally for 12 days whereas administration of ACT lasted for 3 days. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the mice at a three day interval through venipuncture. Thick blood films were prepared and parasite densities were estimated using standard parasitological techniques. Results were analysed with ANOVA and Duncan multiple range tests. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between parasite densities of the treatment groups and the negative control at baseline levels. However, as the treatment progressed from day 3 through day 9, there were sign...
Food Science and Human Wellness , 2022
The isolated secondary metabolites from 39 edible mushrooms are reported, among which 107 compounds were active, 61 demonstrated antitubercular activities with IC 50 range of 0.2-50 μg/mL and 46 manifested antimalarial effects with IC 50 range of 0.061-36 μg/mL. While more than 2 000 strains of edible mushrooms are identified, this review shows the paucity of research in these rich organisms featuring a vital culinary ingredient worldwide. A thorough search was conducted on basidiomycetes to discuss the chemistry and biology of the isolated compounds, structure activity relationships (SAR) as well as the cytotoxicity profi les of, primarily, the active anti-plasmodial and antitubercular molecules. With a safe cellular profi le, lanostane triterpenoids were found to be the only molecules with combined activities against both diseases. SAR correlations reviewed here indicated the significance of 3β-and 7α-hydroxylation in the anti-tuberculosis activity and the terminal unsaturated moiety between C-4 and C-28 in the antimalarial activity in the same terpene skeleton. This review will attract the attention of medicinal chemists, and food scientists to optimize and rationalize the use of mushrooms both as unexploited sources of novel molecules and as nutraceuticals to treat two of the deadliest infectious diseases, malaria, and tuberculosis.
2018
Methanolic extracts from 4 medicinal plants representing 4 families, used traditionally for malaria treatment in South east Nigeria were screened for their in vivo antimalarial activity in mice against a chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65, alone and in combination as polyherbal remedy. The methanolic extracts of individual plants in single and in combination (100-400 mg kg) were administered orally to P. berghei-infected mice in both early and established models of antiplasmodial studies. Survival time was determined. When used alone, extracts from the 4 plants, Fadogia cienkowskii (FC), Lophira lanceolata (LL), Vernonia conferta (VC) and Protea madiensis (PM) had statistically significant parasitaemia suppression (62.06 – 93.44 %) and curative (48.93 – 72.47 %) effects. Lower doses of the 4 individual plants constituted FLVP at a combination ratio of 1: 1: 1: 1. Polyherbal formulation (FLVP) gave statistically significant suppression and curative which ranged from 4...
Bulletin of the National Research Centre
Background This study focused on the antiplasmodial activities of two botanicals: Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei used in malaria treatment. The in vivo activity of the plants against established Plasmodium berghei NK65 infection was evaluated in 75 experimental mice randomly distributed into 15 groups and treated with extracts of M. lucida and A. boonei, combined recipe of the two plants at graded doses of 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg and chloroquine at 10 mg/kg. Results The results revealed that the percentage parasitemia was higher in the infected untreated mice (18.40%) than the treated mice. Among the treated mice, the highest percentage parasitemia (6.0%) was obtained in mice treated with 800 mg/kg of A. boonei while the lowest percentage parasitemia (0.0%) was obtained in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of chloroquine. Chloroquine eliminated all the parasites (100% clearance) when compared to the percentage clearance by the plant extracts. For the plant extracts, antiplasmodial acti...
An In vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Crude Plant Extracts of Phyllanthus fraternus Using Plasmodium berghei Infected balb/c Mice , 2019
Background: Phyllanthus fraternus is a tropical plant that has numerous pharmacological activities such as blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes, dysentery, fever, flu, tumours, jaundice, vaginitis, dyspepsia, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-diabetic, antiviral and analgesic. The study evaluated in vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous and ethanol crude plant extracts of Phyllanthus fraternus using Plasmodium berghei infected Balb/c mice. Methodology: The preparation of the aqueous crude extract was done by boiling 195 g of the dried plant material in 4 L of water for 30 minutes and cooled. The resultant extract was filtered through a cotton wool and put in an oven at 50°C to concentrate it before it was pre- freeze and lyophilized into powder using a freeze dryer (Heto powder dry LL 300, Sapa). Similarly the preparation of the ethanol crude extract was obtained by simple maceration of 195 g of dried sample of the plant in 2 L aqueous ethanol (1.4 L of ethanol plus 0.6 L of distilled water) for 72 h. It was then filtered through cotton wool and subjected to rotary evaporator (ILA CCA-1111 Japanese branch) to evaporate the ethanol and then pre-freeze and freeze- dried. The crude extracts were screened for their phytochemical constituents which showed the presence of secondary metabolites. The LD of both extracts were investigated using Sprague-Dawley rats and found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity (percentage parasitaemia (%P) and the percentage chemo-suppression (%C)) of the extracts were evaluated using Balb/c mice. Results: The aqueous and ethanol extracts established modest antiplasmodial activity in a dose dependent manner. The standard drug (coartem 2 mg/kg) with percentage parasitaemia (%P) of 28.57±4.70 and 2.48±0.48 caused percentage chemosupression (%C) of 44.38±7.63 and 81.27±2.07 in day four and six respectively. The test groups (aqueous and ethanol extracts) for two different doses (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) each administered with percentage parasitaemia (%P) 39.67±1.35, 39.58±1.64, 37.32±2.37, 36.23±1.99 and 10.24±1.32, 9.33±0.66, 8.61±0.96, 7.27±1.26 caused percentage chemosuppressions (%C) of 22.78±2.20, 22.96±2.66, 27.35±3.84, 29.48±3.23 and 22.54±9.93, 29.43±4.99, 34.87±6.66, 44.99 ±5.98 in day four and six respectively. The aqueous extract demonstrated better inhibition of plasmodium in doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg with chemosuppressions (27.35 ± 3.84 and 29.48 ± 3.23) respectively compared with the ethanol extract of the same doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg with chemosuppressions (22.78 ± 2.20 and 22.96 ± 2.66) respectively. The activity of the standard drug, coartem at 2.0 mg/kg was significantly higher (p< 0.05) with chemosupression (44.38±7.63) than those of the extracts. The extracts were also screened for phytochemicals for which some were found in the extracts which have previously been implicated as antiplasmodial agents. The LD of both extracts were investigated and found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The aqueous and ethanol crude plant extracts of P. fraternus possess antiplasmodial activity and would be useful in the search for novel antimalarial agents.