Long-term morphodynamic evolution of Texel Inlet and its ebb-tidal delta (The Netherlands) (original) (raw)

Abstract

A series of regular bathymetric surveys of Texel Inlet and its ebb-tidal delta spanning a period of over 400 years forms a unique long-term morphodynamic dataset of this largest inlet of the Wadden Sea. The substantial changes in ebb-tidal delta evolution provide a clear example of the response of the inlet system to the cumulative effects of human intervention. Analysis of the evolution of the ebb-tidal delta morphology shows different stages, each characterized by specific orientations of the main channels and shoals. Prior to construction of extensive coastal defense works on the southern shore of the inlet in 1750 A.D., the ebb-tidal delta showed a downdrift asymmetry. Periodic shoal breaching and downdrift channel relocation were the dominant mechanisms for sediment by-passing (major shoal bypassing). After construction of the coastal defence works, a stable ebb-tidal delta with a westward stretching main ebb-channel developed over a period of ca. 60 years. Damming of the Zuiderzee, the major part of the back-barrier basin in 1932 A.D., distorted this stable state and over a period of about 40 years the main channel switched to a southward course, remaining stable ever since. During the pre- and post-damming stable states the sediment bypassing took place as minor shoal by-passing; the main channel remained in position and smaller parts of the swash platform (periodically) migrated landward over the ebb-tidal delta. The well-monitored large-scale changes on the ebb-tidal delta which were initiated by the construction of the coastal defence works and closure of the Zuiderzee show that incorporation of inlet modifications and back-barrier processes is vital for a correct description of the ebb-tidal delta dynamics and processes of Texel Inlet. A conceptual model is introduced to describe the process–response relation between intervention and ebb-tidal delta change.

Key takeaways

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  1. Texel Inlet's morphodynamic evolution over 400 years exemplifies the impact of human intervention on tidal systems.
  2. Construction of Helderse Zeewering shifted the main ebb channel westward, stabilizing the ebb-tidal delta for 60 years.
  3. Closure of the Zuiderzee in 1932 increased tidal prism by approximately 26%, altering inlet dynamics significantly.
  4. Periodic shoal breaching and downdrift channel relocation characterized sediment bypassing before coastal defense construction.
  5. The concept of back-barrier steering is crucial for understanding inlet and ebb-tidal delta dynamics in response to modifications.

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FAQs

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What characterized the cyclical migration of channels in Texel Inlet during the 16th-18th centuries?add

The study reveals that channel migration operated cyclically every 100 to 160 years, driven by hydrodynamic processes and sediment dynamics. Updrift shoal development acted as an obstacle, influencing sedimentation patterns and channel behavior.

How did the construction of Helderse Zeewering impact the bay's morphological stability?add

The construction of Helderse Zeewering in 1750 A.D. stabilized the main ebb channel into a westward trajectory, reducing downdrift migration. This resulted in a coherent ebb-tidal delta evolution over approximately 60 years.

What effect did the closure of the Zuiderzee have on tidal dynamics through Texel Inlet?add

After the closure in 1932 A.D., tidal prism through Marsdiep increased by 26%, modifying hydrodynamic characteristics. However, the volume of the ebb-tidal delta did not expand, indicating altered sediment supply conditions.

How are sediment transport dynamics influenced by wave versus tidal energy in Texel Inlet?add

The paper identifies that wave-dominated morphologies are constrained near the inlet, whereas tidal dynamics lead to more stable, offshore extensions. This dynamic interplay influences the distribution of channels and shoals in the ebb-tidal delta.

What role does back-barrier steering play in the morphodynamics of Texel Inlet?add

The concept of back-barrier steering integrates various factors influencing outflow dynamics, including tidal prism and basin-channel orientation. Such constraints are crucial for accurately modeling the ebb-tidal delta evolution and behavior.