Assessment of Groundwater Level in Southwest Punjab, India (original) (raw)
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WATER RESOURCES ENGG SP ISDSUE 0Int Journ Earth Sciences and Engineering 1
Editorial Note - IJEE-sp issue- on -HWRE-2013- HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING P.R. REDDY1 and D.VENKAT REDDY2 1Scientist ‘G’ (Ret), CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad-500 007, India 2, Department of Civil Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar,-575025 Mangalore-D.K-India Email: parvatarreddy@gmail.com,dvr1952@gmail.com Hydrology is study of water. Water present on surface and subsurface columns of solid earth, in the oceans and in the atmosphere is linked through hydrological cycle. Nature controls various processes that contribute to the hydrological cycle. However, Man has been playing a significant role in managing water resources and in the process has unwittingly interfered with the natural process of generation and usage of this vital natural resource that is essential for sustenance of life on this planet. Since the management of water resources implies an ability to predict the quality and amount of the resource that is available, it is imperative that Man has to judiciously develop apt methodologies to optimally utilise the available resource to help himself and the flora and fauna. Keeping this in view IJEE has decided to bring out a special issue ….” Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering”. The topic is important for not only engineering community but also to earth scientists, as judicious conjunctive use of surface and ground waters alone can help us to use the 3 % of usable water on earth to quench the thirst, to provide food and to make commodities. The management of available water resources, assumes greater importance in India as it has more than 17% of the world`s population, but only 4 % of world`s renewable water resources with 2.6 % of world`s land area .Despite having reasonably assured annual rainfall( compared to Middle East, major parts of Australia and Africa ), we are having recurring floods and droughts in many parts of the country. This is attributed to uneven distribution of rainfall over time and space. Managing the available water potential effectively becomes therefore necessary. To ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure equitable distribution both across and within different states of the country we need to have both major and minor water storage and distribution projects, without adversely affecting the environment. We need to develop a frame work to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements .To achieve these targets we need to evolve apt strategies, under an organized Mission mode. We need to optimize the efficiency of existing irrigation systems, including rehabilitation of systems that have been run down and also expand irrigation, where feasible, with a special effort to increase storage capacity. Incentive structures need to be designed to promote water-neutral or water- positive technologies, recharging of ground water resources and adoption of large scale irrigation programmes that rely on sprinkler, drip , ridge and furrow irrigation. Harvesting the optimal runoff volume available during the monsoon for artificial recharge to augment the groundwater resources for achieving water security is a viable methodology and to be up-scaled with scientific approaches and strategies. Understanding and standardization of catchments characterestics of watershed in hard rock areas becomes essential for implementing the water resources part of watershed development programme. In addition to major irrigation projects localized and traditional surface water management over hard rock areas through effectively practiced tank systems need to be encouraged. These strategies and organized plans can be used properly only when quality scientific management is adopted following apt water resources engineering. In the special issue major focus is made in addressing groundwater quality and quantity issues. Out of 23 papers 20 have covered various aspects of groundwater. Details pertaining to aquifer dynamics, watershed monitoring through remote sensing and GIS approaches, morphometric analysis using spatial information technology, assessment of ground water quality for drinking and irrigation, problems associated with Fluoride contamination, ground water potentialities in in Basaltic terrain, assessment of ground water resources through different geophysical techniques, delineation of ground water potential zones in hard rock terrain, sea water intrusion and coastal aquifer management , conceptualization of the hydrological system of southern Caspian Coastal aquifer of Iran, have significantly added to the existing knowledge base. The 3 papers on surface water ; impact of stream flow regulation on the downstream of rivers in the tropics, overview of regional flood frequency analysis, statistical approach towards Physico chemical characterestics of river water quality have added quality to the publication. Since water management needs to take in to consideration the area specific design characteristics in building major, medium and minor storage facilities ; meeting water demand in the urban sector needs through apt engineering techniques for storage and distribution of different grades of water and as eradication of water pollution of surface water bodies through area specific treatment methodologies is paramount and as wastewater management has to be given importance to meet ever increasing demand IJEE wishes to bring out a second special issue during 2014, to cover specifically the above cited topics .While thanking the authors who have contributed to the present special issue, we solicit support from learned scientists from engineering and earth science to contribute to the second special issue.
2013-IJEE hydrology sp issue.pdf
Hydrology is study of water. Water present on surface and subsurface columns of solid earth, in the oceans and in the atmosphere is linked through hydrological cycle. Nature controls various processes that contribute to the hydrological cycle. However, Man has been playing a significant role in managing water resources and in the process has unwittingly interfered with the natural process of generation and usage of this vital natural resource that is essential for sustenance of life on this planet. Since the management of water resources implies an ability to predict the quality and amount of the resource that is available, it is imperative that Man has to judiciously develop apt methodologies to optimally utilise the available resource to help himself and the flora and fauna. Keeping this in view IJEE has decided to bring out a special issue ….” Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering”. The topic is important for not only engineering community but also to earth scientists, as judicious conjunctive use of surface and ground waters alone can help us to use the 3 % of usable water on earth to quench the thirst, to provide food and to make commodities. The management of available water resources, assumes greater importance in India as it has more than 17% of the world`s population, but only 4 % of world`s renewable water resources with 2.6 % of world`s land area. Despite having reasonably assured annual rainfall (compared to Middle East, major parts of Australia and Africa), we are having recurring floods and droughts in many parts of the country. This is attributed to uneven distribution of rainfall over time and space. Managing the available water potential effectively becomes therefore necessary. To ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure equitable distribution both across and within different states of the country we need to have both major and minor water storage and distribution projects, without adversely affecting the environment. We need to develop a frame work to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements .To achieve these targets we need to evolve apt strategies, under an organized Mission mode. We need to optimize the efficiency of existing irrigation systems, including rehabilitation of systems that have been run down and also expand irrigation, where feasible, with a special effort to increase storage capacity. Incentive structures need to be designed to promote water-neutral or water- positive technologies, recharging of ground water resources and adoption of large scale irrigation programmes that rely on sprinkler, drip, ridge and furrow irrigation. Harvesting the optimal runoff volume available during the monsoon for artificial recharge to augment the groundwater resources for achieving water security is a viable methodology and to be up-scaled with scientific approaches and strategies. Understanding and standardization of catchments characteristics of watershed in hard rock areas becomes essential for implementing the water resources part of watershed development programme. In addition to major irrigation projects localized and traditional surface water management over hard rock areas through effectively practiced tank systems need to be encouraged. These strategies and organized plans can be used properly only when quality scientific management is adopted following apt water resources engineering. In the special issue major focus is made in addressing groundwater quality and quantity issues. Out of 24 papers 21 have covered various aspects of groundwater. Details pertaining to thermal and cold springs, aquifer dynamics, watershed monitoring through remote sensing and GIS approaches, morph metric analysis using spatial information technology, assessment of ground water quality for drinking and irrigation, problems associated with Fluoride contamination, ground water potentialities in Basaltic terrain, assessment of ground water resources through different geophysical techniques, delineation of ground water potential zones in hard rock terrain, sea water intrusion and coastal aquifer management , conceptualization of the hydrological system of southern Caspian Coastal aquifer of Iran, have significantly added to the existing knowledge base. The 3 papers on surface water ; impact of stream flow regulation on the downstream of rivers in the tropics, overview of regional flood frequency analysis, statistical approach towards Physico chemical characteristics of river water quality have added quality to the publication. Since water management needs to take in to consideration the area specific design characteristics in building major, medium and minor storage facilities ; meeting water demand in the urban sector needs through apt engineering P. R. REDDY AND D. VENKAT REDDY International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 05, No. 05 (01), October 2013, Editorial Note techniques for storage and distribution of different grades of water and as eradication of water pollution of surface water bodies through area specific treatment methodologies is paramount and as wastewater management has to be given importance to meet ever increasing demand IJEE wishes to bring out a second special issue during 2014, to cover specifically the above cited topics .While thanking the authors who have contributed to the present special issue, we solicit support from learned scientists from engineering and earth science to contribute to the second special issue. www.cafetinnova.org Indexed in Scopus Compendex and Geobase Elsevier, Chemical Abstract Services-USA, Geo-Ref Information Services-USA, List B of Scientific Journals, Poland, Directory of Research Journals
shahida and samina paper 2012 engineering journal of science and technology
The suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated from 95 deep and shallow groundwater samples. All samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, SO 4 2-, HCO 3 , CO 3 , Cl, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , Fe +3 and K + with pH and conductivity meter, spectrophotometer and atomic absorption spectrometer. All shallow and deep groundwater in both seasons were categorized in good water. WQI for shallow and deep groundwater during wet season was greater than 90 and more towards the poor water.
TJPRC, 2013
The importance of aquifer mapping and computing its volume is discussed in the paper. The increasing demand on water resources has created pressure on both surface as well as groundwater reserves. As the aerial extent of the aquifer system is not known, a sub-watershed was considered for the study. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey was carried out for topographic surface modeling, which is an accurate and less time consuming process when compared to traditional methods of land survey. Electrical resistivity method, a geophysical technique, was used for subsurface mapping. ArcGIS – 3D Analyst module was used to generate 3-Dimensional models, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) and GRID formats, of surface and subsurface. Isopach map was prepared, which can be used for planning of rainwater conservation structures, to recharge the aquifers.
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 27(1):25-40 (2015)
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In this study, we focused on the applicability and suitability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) embedded in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment in the prediction of sediment yield of a watershed (12,992km 2 ). The watershed is drained by Rivers Niger, Kontagora, Awun and Eku and is located at the upstream of Jebba Reservoir in north central Nigeria . SWAT was run daily for 26 years (1985 to 2010 ) using climatic data representing three weather stations located within the watershed. The model was calibrated and validated using measured flow data from 1990 to 1995. Also due to the unavalilability of observed sediment data for the area, sediment samples were collected from three locations in the watershed from May to December, 2013 using suspended sediment sampler USDH-2A. The sediment samples were analysed and used to spatially calibrate and validate the model. The model was statistically evaluated using coefficient of determination, R 2 and Nasch-Sutcliffe Effi...
International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering
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Information on the relationship between hydrologic response and land use /cover change was vital for the proper management of water resources and land use planning across the world. The main objective of this study was to assess the impacts of land use/cover change on the hydrological response of Temcha watershed. ARC GIS did the hydrological modeling with an extension of ARC SWAT model and the model calibration and validation by SWAT CUP. The result in the calibration and validation period showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated data, both in the calibration and validation period respectively. the land use/ cover change had a significant impact on modeled watershed hydrologic response due to the transition from forest, grass, and shrub land to cultivated land areas resulted in annual and seasonal water yield, total aquifer recharge and surface runoff potential. These results demonstrate the usefulness of integrating remote sensing and distributed hydrologic model...
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Modal undamped analysis applied for mass spring system…………………………….81 6.5.2 Modal damped analysis applied for mass spring system……………………………….81 6.5.3 Undamped modal analysis results……………………………………………………...82 6.6 Damped modal analysis results…………………………………………………………...85 6.7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………….97 Chapter 7: Two Dimensional (2D) Modal and Transient Behaviour of Dam-Reservoir-Foundation System using ANSYS 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...100 7.2 Constraint Equations and Boundary Conditions………………………………………...100 7.3 Ansys Validation………………………………………………………………………...101 7.4 Materials And Methods………………………………………………………………….105 7.5 Modal Analyses of dam-fluid-foundation systems……………………………………...107 7.5.1 Sloshing mode frequencies of dam-fluid-foundation systems………………………...107 7.5.2 Coupled mode frequencies of dam-fluid-foundation systems………………………...111 7.5.2.1 Effect of water reservoir and interface modeling on the modal coupled frequencies of dam-fluid-foundation system………………………………………………………………..113 a. Case of fixed support foundation model…………………………………………………113 b. Case of massless foundation model………………………………………………………114 c. Case of mass foundation model…………………………………………………………..115 7.5.2.2 Effect of dam-foundation interaction modeling on the modal coupled frequencies of dam-fluid-foundation system……………………………………………………………….116 a. Empty reservoir case……………………………………………………………………...
Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application is published by Raika Pajuhesh Pars
The Shahr-e-Bijar dam is a 96.5 m high and 430 m long concrete faced rock-fill dam with reservoir volume of 105 million m 3 . Construction of the dam was completed in April 2014. Throughout the dam construction, comprehensive monitoring had been carried out to verify the dam behavior so that stability and safety of the dam were ensured. Monitoring of the dam behavior was based on the measurement data of instruments which installed in the dam body and the foundation as well as daily visual inspection. In this study, a two dimensional finite element analysis of SEB dam is carried out and the computed displacements and internal stresses compared with those measured in situ by the instrumentation. The rock-fill material is represented by the hardening soil model which is a modified version of Duncan and Chang's hyperbolic model. The maximum recorded construction settlement is around 0.80 m at the maximum cross section and around 0.50 m at the sections on the abutments which correspond to 0.9% of the dam height. The deformations will further increase with first impounding and rising reservoir to full supply level and due to creeping of the rock-fill. The results of different instruments which are used for the settlement monitoring of the dam are shown that the accuracy of hydrostatic settlement cells is more than other instruments and the measured settlements by the magnetic plates around the inclinometer's tubes are usual below the actual settlement. The stress arching within the dam body and abutments is recorded as 50 % in the middle of dam body and 60 % in the near of the banks. Also, during the construction, the shrinkage is mobilized within the dam body along the axis of dam at the first stage of construction and then by increasing the overburden's height, the expansion is recorded and increased up to the end of construction. The results are shown 65 mm as the maximum expansion which is mobilized at the middle part of the dam body.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2015
https://www.ijert.org/estimation-of-ground-water-balance-and-seepage-from-different-canals-and-rivers-of-district-nowshera https://www.ijert.org/research/estimation-of-ground-water-balance-and-seepage-from-different-canals-and-rivers-of-district-nowshera-IJERTV4IS070295.pdf The value of agricultural land is becoming valuable by increasing population with time. Some land is becoming Bad Land because of lack of water, where as some is water logged due to the increasing water table. So, to calculate ground water balance is the emergency of the time. For this reasons the seepage from lot of rivers and canals flowing in the study area are calculated by different empirical equations using Nazir Ahmad Formula, Mortiz Formula, Molesworth and Yennidunia Empirical Formula, Pakistanian Formula, Indian Formula and Kostiakov A.N Formula. The total seepages in to the study area are 3516447.5, m 3 /day. The total area of the district is 1825.28 km 2. For recharge due to precipitations simply the runoff should be excluded from total rainfall. To calculate runoff the curve number is necessary, which is calculated from Land Use Map and comes out to be 88. The runoff by SCS-Curve Number Method is calculated and comes out to be 570.4894 mm/year. The recharge from rainfall is calculated and comes out to be 200741, m 3 /day. The withdrawals from study area are due to tube wells and Hand pumps. The discharge by tube wells is calculated by the collected data from WAPDA and Irrigation Department which is 257105.016, m 3 /day. For Hand Pump discharge a rough survey is conducted and statistically found the withdrawals which are 42818.25, m 3 /day. The inflow and outflow is estimated 37820, m 3 /day and 199650.5, m 3 /day, respectively. The evaporation losses are estimated, which comes out to be 2957890, m 3 /day. The total inflow and total outflow are estimated 3755008.5, m 3 /day and 3457463.766, m 3 /day, respectively. The net recharge to the area is 3.4438, m 3 /sec which is 59.518, mm/year.
Water is the most essential component for all the living things. Ground water is commonly used for drinking, domestic purposes, Industrial, irrigation etc. In many parts of the world, ground water is depleting at alarming stage. In recent years modern techniques such as remote sensing, GIS, Isotopes etc., along with conventional hydrological methods are increasingly getting used for ground water resource development and management .In the present study a multi-technique approach is taken up to identify and map ground water vulnerable zones and suitable zones to augment the depleting ground water conditions in Bistdoab (Bist-' Beas-Satluj' and doab-'a Persian i.e. a land mass between two rivers') region of Punjab, India. Though the study area is covered by two major perennial rivers: Beas and Satluj, yet the long term ground water trend clearly indicate a continuous falling trend in major parts especially, in the central & south-central region. In this paper, conventional data has been compiled to map the changing ground water conditions, modern techniques have been used to generate land-use maps for estimation of spatiotemporal changing water demand, isotopic techniques to identify effectiveness of surface water source in ground water recharges etc. The satellite images of the study area were used as raw data for finding suitable location for constructing the water bodies in the study area. With the help of remote sensing and GIS thematic maps such as land use and land cover map, slope map, and drainage map were generated which are used for the identification of suitable water harvesting structures. The result obtained from the integrated data has been used in developing a working plan to identify suitable sites to increase surface water potential, measures to augment the falling water table and management plan to reduce excess pressure on ground water.