Physico-chemical characterization and biodiesel preparation from Ailanthus excelsa seed oil (original) (raw)
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Biodiesel Production and Fuel Properties of Three Minor Tree–Borne Seed Oils
Banat's Journal of Biotechnology, 2016
Nowadays non-edible minor oils have been considered as promising sustainable feedstock for future biodiesel production. Three tree-borne minor seed oils from Annona squamosa (AS), Bombax ceiba (BC) and Ceiba pentandra (CP) plants were studied to assess their potentiality as sources of biodiesel. The seed oils were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. The AC seed oil was converted into biodiesel by single step NaOH catalyzed transesterification process without any pretreatment as its FFA content was below the 2 % safe limit. The BC and CP seed oils had high FFA content for which they were converted into biodiesel employing acid esterification followed by alkaline transesterification. The biodiesel yields under the experimental conditions for AS, BC and CP seed oils were 89.4 %, 86.2 % and 85.6 % respectively. The important fuel properties of the seed oil biodiesels such as density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number, calorific value and oxidation stability were tested which revealed that most of them were close to that of diesel and also met the IS and ASTM standard specification for commercial biodiesel. The suitability of seed oil biodiesels blended with diesel was also evaluated. Oil content, biodiesel yield and fuel properties of these three tree-borne oilseeds were satisfactory, therefore, they can be considered as potential sources of biodiesel production.
Azadirchta excelsa seed oil, a potential non-conventional biodiesel feedstock
Environmental Challenges
The fact that 60% of the Indian population is dependent on Agricultural practices for their livelihood means that there is a huge potential for the development of second-generation Biofuel. The current work involves the use of Azadirchta excelsa seeds to obtain biofuel. It is a commercial crop grown in Southern parts of India such as Karnataka. It is mainly grown to get timber for building houses and for manufacturing of match sticks. Soxhlet extraction method was used to extract oil from the seeds, with hexane being the choice of solvent and a yield of 35% was obtained. The oil was transesterified using Base (NaOH) catalyst method to produce oil methyl ester. The conversion rate of oil was found to be 50%. The physicochemical parameters of the biodiesel produced were analyzed of other basic parameters. The results lied within the range of American society of testing material (ASTM D6751) standards and Indian Standards (IS) 15607 specifications for biodiesel samples, which conclude that A.excelsa seed oil can be satisfactorily used as a feed-stock for biodiesel production.
Properties and quality verification of biodiesel produced from tobacco seed oil
Energy Conversion and …, 2011
Tobacco seed oil has been evaluated as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, all properties of the biodiesel that was produced from tobacco seed oil were examined and some solutions were derived to bring all properties of the biodiesel within European Biodiesel Standard EN14214 to verify biodiesel quality. Among the properties, only oxidation stability and iodine number of the biodiesel, which mainly depend on fatty acid composition of the oil, were not within the limits of the standard. Six different antioxidants that are tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, pyrogallol, a-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole were used to improve the oxidation stability. Among them, pyrogallol was found to be the most effective antioxidant. The iodine number was improved with blending the biodiesel produced from tobacco seed oil with a biodiesel that contains more saturated fatty acids. However, the blending caused increasing the cold filter plugging point. Therefore, four different cold flow improvers, which are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, octadecene-1-maleic anhydride copolymer and two commercial cold flow improvers, were used to decrease cold filter plugging point of the biodiesel and the blends. Among the improvers, the best improver is said to be octadecene-1-maleic anhydride copolymer. In addition, effects of temperature on the density and the viscosity of the biodiesel were investigated.
ISRN Renewable Energy, 2012
Physicochemical properties of Cucurbita pepo, Brachystegia eurycoma, Cucumis melo, Luffa cylindrica, and Arachis hypogaea oils were studied to determine their potential as viable feedstock for biodiesel production. The nonedible oils were extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane while the oil of Arachis hypogaea was procured. All the oils were characterized for specific gravity, pH, ash content, iodine value, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, flash point, kinematic viscosity, and refractive indices using standard methods. Cucurbita pepo seeds had very high oil content when compared to the others. Specific gravity and flash point of the oils were satisfactory. However, moisture content of some of the oils exceeded the stipulated ASTM standard for biodiesel production. Again, acid values of the nonedible oils were very high and exceeded the ASTM standard. They also exceeded the acid value of Arachis hypogaea oil except for Luffa cylindrica oil. Results indicate that the oils are potential biodiesel feedstocks. However, overall results indicate that the nonedible oils are not suitable for single-stage transesterification process to biodiesel but would be better suited for the two stage esterification and subsequent transesterification in order to obtain reasonable yields of the methyl esters.
Sustainability
Heterogeneous catalyst prepared from Ailanthus altissima oil cake along with cadmium sulphide catalyst proved to be an efficient, cost-effective and sustainable source of biodiesel synthesis from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) seed oil. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) is a non-edible wild plant having significant oil content of 40%, being an ideal low cost and sustainable source of biodiesel production. After extraction of oil from the seeds, the remaining Ailanthus cake was treated through different techniques to be used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. Free fatty acid content of the seeds was measured as 0.7%, which is very reasonable for effective trans-esterification process. The potassium hydroxide (KOH)-activated Ailanthus cake (KAC), calcined Ailanthus cake (CAC) and cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS) were characterised with different techniques such as SEM at different magnifications, XRD and EDX. These catalysts were effectively utilised for biodiesel production owing to promi...
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Prunus amygdalus "dulcis" Seed Oil
International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, 2023
In biodiesel production, the cost of feedstock accounts for the largest percentage of the production cost and there is a food-fuel strain on the utilisation of traditional oils (groundnut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil) as feedstock. Hence, the use of under-utilised and less expensive feedstock provides a unique opportunity of significantly reducing such cost and strain. This research investigates the use of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus "dulcis") seed oil as alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The sweet almond seed oil was extracted via the solvent extraction method and trans-esterified using methanol with sulphuric acid as catalyst. The sweet almond seed has high oil yield (50%). The extracted oil has a specific gravity of 0.97 and low peroxide value (10.25±0.1 mMol/Kg) which are indications that it was of good quality. The fatty acid content of the seed oil revealed 61.62% of oleic acid predominantly present. Other fatty acids present are, linoleic acid (27.36%), palmitic acid (8.66%), palmitoleic acid (1.68%) and icosanoic acid (0.69%). The fatty acids composition shows a very high percentage (63.30%) of monounsaturated fatty acid in the extracted oil which makes it a good feedstock for biodiesel production. In the research, 83% biodiesel yield was achieved. The fuel properties of biodiesel prepared were also determined using standard test methods and were found to be within the ASTM and EN. Hence, Sweet almond seed oil can be a good dependable feedstock for biodiesel production.
A Study of Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Oil Seeds: A Comparative Study
The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 2012
This study investigated production of biodiesel from non edible oil seeds of Jatropha curcas and neem. This is with a view to compare which of the oils when used for biodiesel production is more environmentally friendly and cheaper. The optimum reaction time for transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel was recorded to be 3h while that of neem oil to biodiesel was 2h. This reduces the operating cost of neem biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 86.61% with a viscosity of 5.64 cSt was obtained for Jatropha biodiesel using the established operating conditions. This viscosity was used as an index for maximum conversion of biodiesel (BD) for neem oil. The viscosity obtained for neem oil biodiesel was 5.51cSt. An attempt to increase the reaction time does not give any significant difference in the viscosity. Experimental investigations of the different blends of biodiesel from the two oils were tested on an internal combustion engine. The emissions of different blends showed that neem biodiesel has lower emissions of CO and NO X than Jatropha biodiesel, but CO emissions of Jatropha biodiesel are lower than that of diesel fuel. The NO X value of petrol diesel is higher than B10 -B50 and B10 -B80 of Jatropha and Neem biodiesel respectively. However, NO X values of B60 -B100 and B90 -B100 of Jatropha and neem biodiesel are in the range of 5.27 -10.74% and 1.39 -11.93% higher than petrol diesel respectively. The physical properties of both biodiesel met the ASTM standard of D-6751. © Aransiola et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds
Processes, 2021
Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including Sapindus mukorossi (Soapnut, SP), Vernicia fordii (Tung, TO), Ricinus communis (Castor, CA), Toona sinensis (Juss. TS), Ailanthus altissima (Heaven tree, AA), and Linum usitatissimum L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % w/v) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical prop...
2016
The aim of this work was the extraction of oil from the seeds of two types of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants, (Bazian and Shahrazour).Two solvent extractions (N-hexane and Methanol) and two degrees for moisture (4 and 5%) were used for oil extraction.The results showed that the use of N-hexane was the most acceptable in terms of oil production amounted to oil ratio of 49.1% and 40.4% from Bazian and Shahrazour seeds respectively. The best moisture content in the Sunflower seeds was 4% with Bazian type and 5% with Shahrazour type. Also in this work studied the activity of CaO and KOH as a catalyst in biodiesel production by transesterification of oil with methanol. The data of methanolysis showed that the best result occurred when CaO at 1% w/w used and molar ratio of oil to Methanol was 1:6, at 65oC for 3 hours. In addition several parameters were tested of oil and biodiesel. The results were similar to the ASTM standards.Interestingly, the biodiesel produced from Bazian oil w...
A Review on Non-Traditional oil seeds as a new source of Biodiesel production
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2020
Biodiesel is gaining importance as a new renewable source of energy which can replace depleting fossil fuel resources. The population explosion and decreasing supply of fossil fuels are the most important factors to explore new alternative source of energy. Biodiesel has variety of applications in various fields like transportation, industrial power plant etc. Biodiesel refers to long chain fatty acids of lower alkyl esters. For biodiesel production various feedstocks like algae, edible oils or non-edible oils can be used. In this review the non-edible vegetable oil such as Jatropha curcas , Datura stramonium, Annona squamosa are explored for Biodiesel production. The oils are extracted by using soxhlet apparatus and their physio-chemical properties are examined by American oil chemical society methods.The oil is converted into biodiesel by transesterification. In this review we found Jatropha curcas as the most suitable oil seed for biodiesel production in comparison to Datura stra...