Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma With Level III Thrombus in the Inferior Vena Cava (original) (raw)
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European Urology, 2011
Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) poses a challenge to the surgeon given the operative difficulty, potential for massive hemorrhage, and possibility of tumor thromboemboli. Objective: To determine the applicability of a self-developed technique based on orthotopic liver transplantation procedures for safe resection of these tumors. Design, setting, and participants: From August 1997 to February 2008, 68 consecutive patients underwent resection of RCC with suprahepatic and/or retrohepatic (level 3 and 4) tumor thrombus in a single referral institution. Surgical procedure: A triradiate incision over the upper abdomen permits the placement of a Rochard retractor. Early vascular control of the renal artery is achieved by creating a posterior plane of dissection. Venous collateral decompression permits development of a bloodless anterior plane by mobilizing the liver in a ''piggy-back'' fashion and the spleen-pancreas en bloc to the midline. Thrombus extraction requires circumferential control at the renal veins, hepatic hilum, and IVC before cavotomy. The central tendon of the diaphragm may be opened for cranial control and gentle traction over the right atrium performed. Repositioning of the proximal clamp and Pringle release avoid veno-venous bypass and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in most cases. Measurements: The extent of the tumor thrombus was retrohepatic in 56 patients and suprahepatic/intra-atrial in 12 patients. Results and limitations: Mean operative time was 5 h 32 min. Mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 2112 AE 3834 ml (range: 100-25 000), with a mean transfusion being 4.2 AE 4.1 U (range: 0-30). Five patients (7.3%) required CPB. Three patients (4.4%) died in the immediate postoperative period. All had complete tumor resection. No patient developed intraoperative thromboembolism. Conclusions: This surgical approach provides excellent exposure and control of the IVC in cases with level 3 and 4 tumor thrombus, avoiding CPB except in rare circumstances.
Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus
American journal of …, 2002
The successful excision of a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) remains a technical intraoperative challenge and requires a careful preoperative surgical management planning. Although a radical operation remains the mainstay of the therapy for RCC, the optimal management of the patients with RCC causing IVC tumor thrombus remains unresolved. In this study, we reviewed our experience in this group of patients and herein report the results. Methods: Between July 1990 and August 1998, 11 patients with RCC with IVC tumor thrombus underwent surgical treatment. The mean patient age was 54.2 years and the male to female ratio was 1.75. The cephalad extension of the tumor was suprarenal in all cases, being infrahepatic in 6 patients, intrahepatic in 2, and suprahepatic with right atrial extension in 3 patients. All tumors were resected via inferior vena cava isolation and, when necessary, extended hepatic mobilization and Pringle maneuver, with primary or patch closure of vena cavotomy. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) were used in 3 patients. Results: The mortality rate was 9.1% (1 patient was lost on the 11th postoperative day). Complications occurred in 3 patients. The remaining 10 patients (90.9%) could be successfully discharged from hospital. Two of them were lost during follow-up because of tumor progression at the 43rd and 54th postoperative months. The 10-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimate was 71.4%, with a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. The presence of lymph node metastases and perinephric spread seemed to possess an adverse effect on the survival. Although the groups included small numbers of patients, there was no significant difference in survival in regard to the different levels of tumor thrombus extension into the vena cava. Conclusions: Surgical treatment is the preferred approach to patients with RCC and IVC tumor thrombi as it provides markedly better results when compared with the other therapeutical modalities. We believe that complete surgical excision of the tumor and the resulting thrombus with appropriate preoperative staging and a well-planned surgical approach, using CPB and DHCA when necessary, provide an acceptable long-term survival with a good quality of life expectation.
European Urology, 2007
Objectives: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) poses a challenge to the surgeon due to the potential for massive hemorrhage and tumor thromboemboli. We developed a technique for safe resection of these tumors through a transabdominal approach, without recourse to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Materials and methods: From August 1997 to February 2005, 66 patients underwent resection of a RCC with tumor thrombus in the IVC. The extent of the tumor thrombus was renal in 13, infrahepatic in 7; retrohepatic in 38; and intra-atrial in 8 patients. Results: Mean operative time was 6.16 AE 0.32 hours. The estimated blood loss ranged from 200 cc to 16,000 cc, with a mean of transfusions being 3.56 AE 0.94 U. CBP was required in only 3 patients. Three patients (4.5%) died in the immediate postoperative period. Median follow-up among the 56 survivors was 7.1 months. Six patients died due to metastasis and 1 died of a cause unrelated to the cancer. The estimated actuarial survival at 36 months was 66%. Conclusions: An aggressive surgical approach is the only hope for curing patients having RCC with a tumor thrombus in the IVC. The extent of dissection is predicated on the extent and level of tumor thrombus. Our surgical approach uses liver transplant techniques to mobilize the liver off the IVC and to separate the IVC from the posterior abdominal wall. This maneuver provides excellent exposure and enables safe vascular control of the IVC.
Surgical Management of Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma
Journal of Academic Research in Medicine, 2013
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with a biological propensity for vascular invasion with extension of the tumor to the renal vein or inferior vena cava and total resection of the renal tumor and IVC tumor thrombus is considered the optimal therapy when no distant metastases are present. The surgical approach to a specific patient with RCC and IVC tumor thrombus should be selected according to the level of the tumor thrombus and the characteristics of the primary renal tumor such as size, location, regional lymphadenopathy and aberrant vascular anatomy. The surgical management of RCC and IVC tumour thrombus requires the commitment of a multidisciplinary surgical team particularly for a higher (level III and IV) tumor thrombus. Preoperative imaging is very important for the surgical planning and management. An extended chevron incision with or without a sternotomy provides excellent surgical exposure. Level 0, level I and most level II tumors can be removed using straightforward occluding maneuvers, while maintaining control of the caval thrombus and the contralateral renal vein. Vascular bypass can frequently be required for the safe and complete resection of level III tumor thrombus. The resection of level IV tumors is generally performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. In this review, these surgical aspects and treatment of IVC tumor extension in patients with RCC will be summarized, hoping to provide a clear and comprehensive guideline for both urology and cardiovascular specialists.
Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders, 2014
Background: This report details the experience of a multidisciplinary surgical team in the management of stage III and stage IV renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with concomitant inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus. Methods: A retrospective inquiry of our vascular database from 2003 to 2012 identified 55 surgical cases of stage III (n [ 40) and stage IV (n [ 15) RCC presenting with IVC tumor thrombus. Tumor characteristics and IVC tumor thrombus were evaluated by clinical staging and postoperative pathology staging. Patient demographics and surgical reconstruction are detailed. Cancer-specific outcomes consisted of oncologic surveillance with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. A Clavien-Dindo classification of early (<30 days) complications and mortality was recorded, including a review of secondary surgical interventions. Results: According to the Novick classification of IVC tumor thrombus, there were 10 supradiaphragmatic (level IV), 20 intrahepatic (level III), and 25 infrahepatic (level II or I) tumor thrombi. Vena cava reconstruction was completed in 54 patients (98%), with one patient deemed unresectable. Vena cava control required cardiac bypass (n [ 10), venovenous bypass (n [ 4), or infrahepatic IVC control (n [ 40). Reconstruction of the IVC was completed with two prosthetic interposition grafts for one stage IV thrombus and one stage III thrombus; two patch repairs were done for stage III
SpringerPlus, 2016
Renal cell carcinoma represents 3 % of all cancers. Around 4-10 % of cases present with inferior vena cava involvement, generally with tumor thrombus. Clinical and preoperative stage will be classified depending of the thrombus extension. A high quality preoperative workup is essential to properly plan surgical approach. Complete surgical resection of the tumor is potentially the only curative treatment, although it supposes a real challenge due to operative difficulty, potential for massive bleeding or tumor pulmonary thromboembolism. Surgery includes techniques derived from transplantation surgery and, in some cases, cardiovascular intervention with cardiopulmonary bypass. Long-term oncological outcomes after complete removal of the entire tumor burden are acceptable. In this report we describe step-by-step surgical maneuvers depending on the thrombus lever, and focusing in complete abdominal approach for the complete excision of the tumor. Moreover, a recent literature review abo...
European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2016
OBJECTIVES: The natural history of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with tumour thrombus extending at or above the hepatic veins is dismal. Different surgical approaches have been described including cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. We here report our experience in terms of surgical techniques and outcomes on 41 consecutive patients presenting an RCC extending to the hepatic veins or the right atrium. A surgical decision-making algorithm is discussed. METHODS: Retrospective review of 41 patients operated for RCC extending in the retrohepatic vena cava (extent level III-IV) between 2000 and 2015. Patients were operated by a dedicated urology/cardiac surgery team. RESULTS: The mean age was 62.6 ± 10.4 years; 39% were female. Surgery was emergent in 7.3% of patients, 2.4% of patients had preoperative dialysis, 4.9% required a redo sternotomy and 19.5% had coronary artery disease. Tumour thrombus extended above the diaphragm in 23 patients (level IV) and to the level of hepatic veins (level III) in 18 patients. CPB was used in 38 patients. Arterial cannulation was in the aorta or femoral artery in 14 patients during the initial experience. In the current era, the axillary artery and the innominate artery were used in 12 patients each. Mean CPB, cross-clamp and circulatory arrest times were, respectively, 96.5 ± 42.9, 21.1 ± 16.4 and 10.2 ± 8.2 min (mean temperature of 25.7 ± 4.9°C). Hepatic exclusion without the use of CPB was performed to excise the thrombus in 3 patients. A right nephrectomy was performed in 25 patients, a left in 15 patients and a bilateral nephrectomy in 1 patient. Five patients had a partial inferior vena cava (IVC) resection, with 4 patients requiring a patch reconstruction of the IVC. Three patients had an infrarenal IVC ligation. One patient suffered a cerebrovascular accident in the postoperative period. One in-hospital death occurred (in-hospital mortality 2.4%). The mean follow-up was 1.9 ± 2.0 years. Twenty-three patients died during follow-up; 21 were disease-related. Three-year survival rate was 37.1%. CONCLUSION: High-level RCC tumour thrombus is a rare clinical entity, the treatment of which is complex and requires dedicated operative teams. The operative technique should be tailored according to the level of extension and the extent of vena cava obstruction/occlusion of the tumour thrombus. Contemporary operative techniques may be conducted with excellent results. Mid-term survival is limited, supporting the necessity to pursue research efforts towards establishing effective adjunct therapies.
Outcomes in Renal Cell Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus Treated with Surgery
Current Health Sciences Journal, 2021
Introduction. Renal cell carcinoma can invade through the renal vein into the inferior vena cava, and can extend intraluminally, with tumor-thrombus formation. Methods: Retrospective study from January 2003 to August 2016. Surgical outcomes were analyzed. Neves classification was used for patient categorization. Kaplan Meier and Log-Rank test were used for survival analysis. Results: A total of 134 patients were included, 69 males (51.4%) and 65 females (49%), M:F ratio 1.06:1. Tumor size, bleeding and surgical time were higher in level IV thrombi (mean 16.1cm, 3 064ml and 6.5hrs, respectively), compared to level I (8.5cm, 1033ml and 3.1hrs, respectively). A higher frequency of positive lymph nodes was observed in levels III and IV compared with levels I and II (49% vs. 17.7%, p=0.0001). Distant metastases were observed in 36 pts. (27%). Overall surgical mortality was 4.5%. 5-year overall survival was 63%. We observed a 5-year survival in patients with level I-II 82% and level III a...
Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2001
33 patients who had RCC associated with IVC tumor thrombus underwent 34 surgical procedures. The 27 men and six women had an average age of 60.1 years, ranging from 34 to 79 years. RCC involved the right and left kidneys in 30 and three patients, respectively. One patient had redo operation for recurrent IVC tumor thrombus 2 years after his radical nephrectomy and complete vena caval thrombectomy.