A new cationic gemini surfmer: Synthesis and surface activities (original) (raw)
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Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Application and Characterization of Surfactants, 2017
Gemini cationic surfactants are compounds which are composed of two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic tails linked by a spacer at the head groups or closed to them. The spacer can be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. It can be rigid or flexible. The neutral charge of the molecule is retained by the presence of organic or inorganic counterions. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), surface tension (γ) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) are dozen times lower than corresponding parameters of monomeric surfactants. The unique properties of gemini surfactants with a wide range of hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) make them a very useful, innovative material in detergents, cosmetics, personal care products, additives for paints and coatings, biocides, material science, organic synthesis, pharmacy, textiles, enhanced oil recovery, nanotechnology, petroleum and many other branches of life. A large number of papers concerning gemini surfactants have been published so far. This review presents a synthetic look at current work devoted to structure, synthesis and applications of gemini surfactants.
Central European Journal of Chemistry, 2007
A series of homologous gemini surfactants possessing identical hydrophobic chains but different ionic head groups (cationic, anionic, zwitterionic) were synthesized, and their aqueous solution properties were examined. The results showed that the surface activities of gemini surfactants are superior to those of corresponding conventional monomeric surfactants, and molecular arrangements of gemini surfactants at the air-water interface are tighter than those of corresponding conventional surfactants. It was also found that zwitterionic gemini surfactant possesses the highest surface activity among the three surfactants. The behavior at the air-water interface is closely related to the molecular structural features of surfactants, which provide an indication for synthesizing highly-efficient surfactants.
2019
Gemini surfactants can be viewed as two conventional surfactants connected via a spacer at the level of the polar head groups. Surface active, performance and biological properties of monoethanolamide based Gemini surfactant were investigated. The head group of the Gemini surfactant consist of ethanol amide connected to a 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane. The alkyl tails have been varied in terms of tail length. The surface activities of the synthesized surfactant were determined using surface tensiometry. Within the same homologues series, expected decrease in critical micelle concentration (cmc) with the increase in hydrophobicity was observed. However, the deviation in cmc value from regularity was observed when number of carbon atom in the hydrophobic chain exceeded a certain number. The foam production & stability were studied by measuring the volume of foam production after 30 sec and 300 sec at different concentration. The wetting power and emulsifying power were studied. The dispersion...
Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
The 2-Alkyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini amphiphiles were successfully synthesized in a two step methodology. In the first steps, triethylenetetramine was reacted with fatty acids namely viz. caprylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid & palmitic acid to get the corresponding amides which on continuous heating results into 2-alkyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline. These imidazolines in second step were reacted with 1, 6-dibromohexane to form targeted cationic Gemini surfactants. The chemical structure of compounds was confirmed by means of FTIR, 1 H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The effect of alkyl chain length of synthesized surfactants on the basic characteristics such as surface tension, foaming, emulsifying capability, lime soap dispersing power and wetting were studied. These new surfactants were investigated for their biodegradability, anticorrosion and antimicrobial activity. They have capacity to reduce surface tension of water from 71.8 mN.m À1 to 27.42 mN.m À1. The 2-octyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini surfactant (GSCTDH) showed good biocidal activity against gram positive Bacteria Bacillis subtilis (16.57 mm) & Staphylococcus aureus (19.46 mm). The 2-dodecyl-1-diethylenediaminimidazoline based Gemini surfactant GSLTDH has good inhibition against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.33 mm) and Escherichia coli (18.31 mm). The biodegradation results allowed classification of synthesis compounds as readily biodegradable. The Gemini surfactant GSCTDH has 96.71% inhibition efficiency against carbon steel. It can be used as an anticorrosion agent.
Properties and Applications of Quaternary Ammonium Gemini Surfactant 12-6-12: An Overview
Molecules
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules and one of the most versatile products of the chemical industry. They can be absorbed at the air–water interface and can align themselves so that the hydrophobic part is in the air while the hydrophilic part is in water. This alignment lowers the surface or interfacial tension. Gemini surfactants are a modern variety of surfactants with unique properties and a very wide range of potential applications. Hexamethylene-1,6-bis(N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide) is one such representative compound that is a better alternative to a single analogue. It shows excellent surface, antimicrobial, and anticorrosion properties. With a highly efficient synthetic method and a good ecological profile, it is a potential candidate for numerous applications, including biomedical applications.
Overview of Synthetic Methodologies for Development of Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material, 2017
Cationic surfactants are important category of surfactant molecules, which are important constituent of several commercial formulations. Gemini cationic surfactants consisting of two positively charged hydrophilic headgroup and two hydrophobic tail often connected by a spacer are considered superior surfactants molecules due to their affinity to self-aggregate at much lower concentration in aqueous solution compared to the monomeric counterparts 1,2). In recent years several new types of the cationic gemini surfactants have been developed and investigated for different application areas. These gemini surfactants have demonstrated ability to interact and condense DNA, form complexes with active drug molecules and enhanced ability to kill and retard the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and hence are presently being investigated for several biomedical applications. These surfactants often self-aggregate for form micelles at very low concentration and demonstrate superior surfactant properties compared to conventional monomeric
Surface activity and micellar properties of anionic gemini surfactants and their analogues
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2004
The properties of didodecyldiphenylether disulfonate gemini-type surfactants have been studied and compared to mono-alkylated and monosulfonated analogous surfactants. Dynamic and equilibrium surface tension measurements indicate that the gemini surfactants have a higher surface activity compared to that of the monoalkyl analogues. The gemini-type surfactants have much larger surface area per molecule, opposite effect of carbon number on CMC and considerable swelling of the micelles upon increasing surfactant concentration. Determination of aggregation numbers by fluorescence measurements reveals that the longer chain gemini surfactants form micelles having less than 10 molecules per micelle.
Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2017
A novel anionic gemini surfactant containing an ester bond in the spacer group was synthesized using cardanol as the raw material and characterized by IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. The surface properties of the gemini surfactant were investigated and compared with its corresponding single chain surfactant counterpart. It was found that this novel gemini surfactant exhibited a low critical micelle concentration value (1.9 mM) and good efficiency in reducing surface tension of water (33.6 mN/m). The gemini surfactant was found to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus stolonifer). The gemini as well as the corresponding single chain surfactant showed good antimicrobial activity against all pathogenic microorganisms studied and can be employed as an antimicrobial agent. The synthesized novel anionic gemini surfactant possesses an excellent wettability and low foamability.
Journal of Oleo Science, 2009
Gemini surfactants, consisting of two monomeric surfactants linked with a spacer, have been synthesized with a view to developing 'next-generation' high-quality surfactants. When compared with a conventional monomeric surfactant, the corresponding gemini surfactants generally present e.g. (i) a significantly lower critical micelle concentration (cmc), (ii) a lower surface tension measured at the cmc and (iii) greater ability in increasing viscosity of dilute aqueous solutions 1-3). Indeed, a structural transformation from spherical micelles to vesicles and/or elongated wormlike micelles is observed even in a dilute aqueous solution of gemini surfactants, being reflective of their larger packing parameter 4) than that of the corresponding monomeric surfactants. Although the synthetic process of gemini surfactants is generally more complicated than that of monomeric ones (and thereby, the synthetic costs are still problematic), these physicochemical properties of gemini 403