The Female Menstrual Cycles Effect on Strength and Power Parameters in High-Level Female Team Athletes (original) (raw)
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Female soccer has grown extensively in recent years, however differences in gender-specific physiology have rarely been considered. The female reproductive hormones which rise and fall throughout the menstrual cycle, are known to affect numerous cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory and metabolic parameters, which in turn, may have implications on exercise physiology and soccer performance. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on performance in soccer specific tests. Nine sub elite female soccer players, all of whom have menstrual cycles of physiological length; performed a series of physical performance tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent endurance test (Yo-Yo IET), counter movement jump (CMJ) and 3x30 m sprints). These were conducted at distinct time points during two main phases of the menstrual cycle (early follicular phase (FP) and mid luteal phase (LP)) where hormones contrasted at their greatest magnitude. Yo...
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The effect of the menstrual cycle on physical performance is being increasingly recognised as a key consideration for women’s sport and a critical field for further research. This narrative review explores the findings of studies investigating the effects of menstrual cycle phase on perceived and objectively measured performance in an athletic population. Studies examining perceived performance consistently report that female athletes identify their performance to be relatively worse during the early follicular and late luteal phases. Studies examining objective performance (using anaerobic, aerobic or strength-related tests) do not report clear, consistent effects of the impact of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance. Overall sport performance can be influenced by both perceived and physical factors. Hence, to optimise performance and management of eumenorrheic female athletes, there is a need for further research to quantify the impact of menstrual cycle phase on perceive...
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Nowadays, several scientific studies focus women's the menstrual cycle and its impact on sports performance. However, the results of these studies are controversial. In This regard, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the menstrual cycle on physiological responses, intermittent Yo-Yo test performance, repeated sprints and medicine-ball in elite women handball players. The sample of this study is 18.71 ± 0.72 years older female players. The following handball specific physical tests were performed: intermittent Yo-Yo test, repeated sprints and medicine-ball whose lactate concentration was also measured. Endurance capacity () 2 max VO was lower in the luteal phase (p < 0.001). In contrast, medicine-ball performance, and repeated sprinting ability are better in the Follicular Phase (FP). The menstrual cycle affected performance on the Yo-Yo IET, exercise HRmax and muscle strength. Better performance is observed during the follicular phase.
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The female reproductive life cycle is one of the most important biological rhythms. From prepuberty through to menarche, conception, pregnancy, the postpartum period, menopause, and beyond, the female athlete is exposed to a constantly shifting kaleidoscope of endogenous sex steroid hormones. Although estrogen and progesterone are the most important in terms of their actions on the various body systems, more recent research has explored the effects of other hormones, such as testosterone, relaxin, and leptin, to name just a few. Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy further introduce exogenous synthetic hormones (in varying proportions) to the equation.
Kinematics and Kinetics Performance During Menstrual Cycle Phase Among Elite Athlete
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Understanding the effect of menstrual cycle on kinematics and kinetics of exercise performance is important in the sense that menstrual cycle disrupts the hormonal balance of athletes. Changes in hormonal balance might affect exercise performance, and thus might affect longitudinal adaptations which occur from training, and also with biomechanical changes which increase the likelihood of injury. Twelve well trained elite female athletes voluntarily participated in this study. Thirteen kinematic and kinetic variables were measured via force platform during a counter movement jump exercise. General linear model one way repeated measure (ANOVA) and paired sample t test were used to meet the objective of this study. Three variables namely peak power (p = 0.030), mean power (p = 0.010) and peak velocity (p = 0.016) were significantly differed (p < 0.05) across the three menstrual cycle phases, where a reduction was clearly observed during the menses phase. Based on the results, menses...
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The menstrual cycle can be seen as a potential determinant of performance. This study aims to analyze the influence of the menstrual cycle in women on sports performance, more specifically on the internal and external load of professional women basketball players. The sample consisted of 16 women players and 14 training sessions were recorded. A descriptive analysis of the mean and standard deviation of the variables according to the different phases of the menstrual cycle was performed, as well as an ANCOVA, partial Eta2 effect size criteria, and Bonferroni’s Post Hoc test to identify differences among phases. The results establish that ovulation is the phase in which higher values of external load are recorded and, therefore, the late follicular phase is the time of the cycle where a greater intensity in explosive distance, accelerations and decelerations are recorded. Considering women’s hormonal cycles, understanding their function and the individual characteristics of each athl...
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Female athletes train and compete under the potential influence of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle or during use of various hormonal contraceptives. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms are common in the general population, as well as side effects of hormonal contraceptives. More detailed knowledge concerning prevalence and perceived impact of these symptoms on training and performance in different sports is required. The aim of the study was to 1) characterize perceptions of training and performance during the menstrual cycle phases and by hormonal contraceptive use in a large population of female athletes; 2) explore whether symptoms experienced are related to perceived performance; and 3) examine potential differences in these factors between athletes at different levels of performance. The study was based on self-reported data from 1,086 athletes from 57 sports at different performance levels via a web-based questionnaire. Thirty-seven percent (n = 407) of the...
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International Journal of Neuroscience, 2006
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of menstrual cycle on female athletes' performance. Forty-eight teak-wondo athletes, 76 judoka, 81 volleyball, and 36 basketball players (total 241) elite athletes participated in the study. A questionnaire constituted from 21 questions about menstrual cycle applied. A 1549 Int J Neurosci Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Ondokuz Mayis Univ. on 03/30/11
The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Muscle Strength and Power Performance
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This study aimed to investigate the fluctuations of muscle performance in the Smith machine half-squat exercise during three different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen resistance-trained and eumenorrheic women volunteered to participate in the study (58.6 ± 7.8 kg, 31.1 ± 5.5 years). In a pre-experimental test, the half-squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. Body mass, tympanic temperature and urine concentration of the luteinizing hormone were estimated daily for ~30 days to determine the early follicular phase (EFP), the late follicular phase (LFP), and the mid-luteal phase (MLP) of the menstrual cycle. On the second day of each phase, performance of the Smith machine half-squats was assessed using 20, 40, 60 and 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). In each load, force, velocity, and power output were measured during the concentric phase of the exercise by means of a rotatory encoder. The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnit...
The Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Vertical Jump Kinematics and Kinetics in Elite Athletes
2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education, 2017
Understanding the effect of menstrual cycle on kinematics and kinetics of exercise performance is important in the sense that menstrual cycle disrupts the hormonal balance of athletes. Changes in hormonal balance might affect exercise performance, and thus might affect longitudinal adaptations which occur from training, and also with biomechanical changes which increase the likelihood of injury. Twelve well trained elite female athletes voluntarily participated in this study. Thirteen kinematic and kinetic variables were measured via force platform during a counter movement jump exercise. Three variables namely peak power (p = 0.030), mean power (p = 0.010) and peak velocity (p = 0.016) were significantly differed (p < 0.05) across the three menstrual cycle phases, where a reduction was clearly observed during the menses phase. Based on the results, menses phase was detrimental to exercise performance that requires explosive power component for elite level athletes. Thus, training with aims and goals of developing explosive power adaptation is not recommended to be carried out by elite athletes during their menses, with change of strategy during competition is suggested when a decrease in explosive power output might impair related sports specific performance. As a conclusion, athletes' menstrual cycle process should be monitored closely with training and competition for performance purposes as well as for injury prevention.