Large artery stiffness is associated with gamma-glutamyltransferase in young, healthy adults: The African-PREDICT study (original) (raw)
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Large arterial stiffness and associated cardiovascular risk factors in black South Africans
2018
Increased arterial stiffness is linked to cardiovascular disease development, particularly in black populations. Since detrimental health behaviors in young adults may affect arterial stiffness, we determined whether arterial stiffness associates with specific health behaviors, and whether it is more pronounced in young healthy black compared to white adults. We included 373 participants (49% black, 42% men) aged 20–30 years. Mean arterial pressure was higher for blacks than whites (P < .001), but carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was similar (6.37 vs. 6.36 m/s; P 1⁄4 .89) after adjustment for mean arterial pressure. The black group had higher gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (P < .001), cotinine, reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (all P .017). Pulse wave velocity related positively and independently to GGT in both groups before and after multiple adjustments (both b 1⁄4 0.15; P .049). Blacks had an unfavorable vascular profile and...
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013
Compared with whites, black Americans suffer from a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that racial differences in the prevalence of CVD could be attributed, in part, to impaired vascular function in blacks after adjustment for differences in risk factor burden. We assessed vascular function in 385 black and 470 white subjects (mean age, 48±11 years; 45% male). Using digital pulse amplitude tonometry (EndoPAT) we estimated the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), a measure of microvascular endothelial function, and peripheral augmentation index (PAT-AIx). Central augmentation index (C-AIx) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) were measured as indices of wave reflections and arterial stiffness, respectively, using applanation tonometry (Sphygmocor). Compared with whites, blacks had lower RHI (2.1±0.6 versus 2.3±0.6, P<0.001), greater arterial wave reflections assessed as both PAT-AIx (20.4±21.5 versus 17.0±22.4, P=0.01) and CAIx (20.8±12.3 versus 17.5±13.3...
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017
Black people have a higher risk of developing hypertension and presenting higher vascular stiffening. Our aim was to investigate whether the association between race and aortic stiffness could be explained by differences in the primary risk factors. We analyzed data from 11 472 adults (mean age, 51.9±8.9; 53.8% female) self-reported as white (n=6173), brown (n=3364), or black (n=1935). Their carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) as well as clinical and anthropometric parameters were measured. cf-PWV was higher in blacks than in whites or browns (men: white, 9.63±1.81; brown, 9.63±1.88; black, 9.98±1.99; women: white, 8.84±1.64; brown, 9.02±1.68; black, 9.34±1.91; P<0.05). However, this difference disappeared after adjustments for age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and glomerular filtration rate (men: white, 9.68±1.54; brown, 9.68±1.50; black, 9.73±1.52; women: white, 8.93±1.32; brown, 8.98±1.29; black, 9.02±1.32; P>0.05). T...
Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults
American journal of hypertension, 2007
Our objectives were to examine the heritability of arterial stiffness measured as pulse-wave velocity (PWV), and its dependence on ethnicity, gender, and blood pressure (BP). As part of the Georgia Cardiovascular Twin Study, we measured aorto-radial (radial) and aorto-dorsalis-pedis (foot) PWV in 702 twins (41% black; 49% male) aged 12 to 30 years (mean age, 17.7 +/- 3.3 years), including monozygotic and dizygotic pairs of the same as well as opposite gender. Ethnicity and gender effects on genetic and environmental contributions to PWV were estimated by genetic model fitting. Diastolic BP was the most important hemodynamic predictor. The best-fitting models showed no ethnicity or gender differences in estimates of genetic and environmental influence, and indicated substantial heritabilities of 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.54) and 0.53 (95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.62) for radial and foot PWV, respectively. Over a quarter of these heritabilities (0.19 for radial PW...
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020
Background Measures of vascular dysfunction are related to adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in non‐Hispanic, White populations; however, data from Black individuals are limited. We aimed to investigate the associations between novel hemodynamic measures and prevalent CVD in a sample of Black individuals. Methods and Results Among older Black participants of the Jackson Heart Study, we assessed noninvasive vascular hemodynamic measures using arterial tonometry and Doppler ultrasound. We assessed 5 measures of aortic stiffness and wave reflection (carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity, pulse wave velocity ratio, forward pressure wave amplitude, central pulse pressure, and augmentation index), and 2 measures of microvascular function (baseline and hyperemic brachial flow velocity). Using multivariable logistic regression models, we examined the relations between vascular hemodynamic measures and prevalent CVD. In models adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors, higher carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (odds ratio [OR],1.25; 95% CI, 1.01–1.55; P=0.04), lower augmentation index (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.70–0.99; P=0.05), and lower hyperemic brachial flow velocity (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65–0.90; P=0.001) were associated with higher odds of CVD. After further adjustment for hypertension treatment, lower augmentation index (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.70–0.99; P=0.04) and hyperemic brachial flow velocity (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67–0.94; P=0.006), but not carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99–1.051; P=0.06), were associated with higher odds of CVD. Conclusions In a sample of older Black individuals, more severe microvascular damage and aortic stiffness were associated with prevalent CVD. Further research on hemodynamic mechanisms that contribute to cardiovascular risk among older Black individuals is merited.
Ethnic differences in arterial stiffness the Helius study
International Journal of Cardiology, 2015
Objective: Well-known ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk exist, which may be explained by ethnic differences in arterial stiffness. Our aim was to assess ethnic differences in arterial stiffness, to explore whether these differences are accounted for by conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and study whether they differ across age. Methods: Cross-sectional data of 1797 Dutch, 1846 South-Asian Surinamese, 1840 African Surinamese, and 1673 Ghanaian participants of the observational HELIUS study (aged 18-70 years) were used. Arterial stiffness was assessed by duplicate pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements using the Arteriograph system. Results: Linear regression showed that South-Asian Surinamese had higher PWVs as compared with Dutch (ageadjusted mean difference (95% CI) was 0.55 (0.39-0.70) m/s in men and 0.82 (0.63-1.01) m/s in women). These differences were largely, but not completely, explained by conventional risk factors (particularly age and MAP). These ethnic differences were not found at young age (b35 years). African Surinamese and Ghanaians had higher PWVs as compared with Dutch across the entire age range (ranging from 0.22 (0.06-0.39) m/s in African Surinamese men to 1.07 (0.89-1.26) m/s in Ghanaian women), but these differences disappeared or reversed after adjustment for risk factors. Conclusions: PWV levels paralleled the well-known ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, however, these ethnic differences in PWV largely disappear. Together with the absence of ethnic differences in PWV at young age, our results support the hypothesis that higher PWV in South-Asian and African ethnic groups develops due to higher exposure to cardiovascular risk factors.
DIFFERENCES IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND ITS CORRELATES IN TRI-ETHNIC YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN
2006
Objectives: Arterial stiffness is an important measure of pathologic changes in the arterial system and is associated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Early identification of an increase in arterial stiffness in young persons may improve cardiovascular health outcomes. The objectives were to evaluate the sex and ethnic differences in arterial stiffness levels among young adults.
South African Journal of Child Health, 2021
This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and is estimated to cause 17.3 million deaths per year. [1] CVD incidence is strongly associated with a set of conventional risk factors, which include increased waist circumference (WC), high body mass index (BMI), high systolic blood pressure (SBP), increased levels of low-density lipoprotein, high blood glucose levels, low levels of physical activity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness. [2] However, screening for these conventional risk factors may underestimate the risk of CVD, especially in asymptomatic children. [3] Therefore, other non-conventional risk factors may be important to consider. Pulse wave velocity can be used as an indicator of arterial stiffness, which suggests structural changes in arterial walls that precede the events of atherosclerosis and CVD. [4] Arterial stiffness has been reported to be a notable risk factor for developing future CVD independent of conventional risk factors in adults. [4] Similarly, arterial stiffness has been shown to be positively associated with several conventional risk factors for CVD in children, [5] although findings in paediatric studies are inconsistent. Reed et al. [6] determined the predictors of arterial stiffness in a sample of 99 Canadian children (aged 9-11 years). The results showed that children in the highest fitness quartile had 34% greater arterial compliance than children in the lower quartiles. Other predictors of arterial stiffness included body mass, SBP and maturation, [6] in accordance with a US population-based study that found significant associations between arterial stiffness, age, gender, BMI and SBP among 343 healthy adolescents and young adults (aged 15-28 years). [7] Conflicting results were reported in a European study, which found no significant correlations between arterial stiffness, gender, age, BMI, Tanner stage or SBP levels among 38 non-obese adolescents (mean age and associated standard deviation (SD): 15.02 (1.94) years). [8] The same study reported a significant association between arterial stiffness and SBP among 68 obese adolescents (mean (SD) age: 13.27 (2.31) years). [8] This could imply that early vascular damage is more apparent in obese adolescents than in their lean counterparts. A greater understanding of arterial stiffness and its association with conventional CVD risk factors is warranted. Furthermore, it has been reported that black South African (SA) children are at an increased risk of developing CVD. [9] Similarly, increased arterial stiffness has been reported in black SA boys (aged 6-8 years) compared with their white counterparts. [10] Thus, this study aimed to explore associations between specific conventional CVD risk factors and arterial stiffness in black SA children. Methods Participants This cross-sectional study recruited 59 black SA children (17 male, 42 female) from an urban primary school in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, SA, in June 2015. The mean (SD) age of participants was 11.15 (1.40) years. The inclusion criteria specified that black children between the ages of 10 and 13 years and who Background. A limited number of studies have researched the associations between conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and arterial stiffness in children. Objectives. To explore the associations between specific conventional CVD risk factors and arterial stiffness in black South African (SA) children. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 59 children (male:17; female:42). The mean age (and associated standard deviation) of the participants was 11.15 (1.40) years. Conventional CVD risk factors included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), resting heart rate (RHR), peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak) and physical activity. Pearson's correlation was used to measure associations between arterial stiffness, expressed as the stiffness index (SI), and CVD risk factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis adjusting for age was performed to identify associations between the independent variables (VO 2 peak, SBP, BMI, physical activity, RHR and WC) and the dependent variable (SI). Results. Arterial stiffness was found to be significantly positively correlated with age (r=0.52; p=0.03) and significantly negatively correlated with VO 2 peak (r=-0.53; p=0.03) in male participants. Following regression analysis, the association with age (r 2 =0.27; p=0.03) and SI remained significantly independent. When means were combined across the two gender groups, age (r=0.27; p=0.04) and RHR (r=0.26; p=0.05) were found to be significantly positively correlated with SI. Following regression analysis, both age (r 2 =0.07; p=0.04) and RHR (r 2 =0.15; p=0.02) remained significantly independently associated with SI. Conclusion. Age and RHR appear to be strong predictors of arterial stiffness in black SA children.