Effect of Dichlorvos on Reproductive Performance of Laying hens (original) (raw)
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Food Chemistry, 2020
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a complex family of contaminants. Lack of exposure data and an understanding of the fate of these chemicals in the environment affect our ability to reliably assess the human health risk associated with CP exposure. The present study focused on the evaluation of CP transfer from feed to eggs of laying hens exposed over 91 days. Laying hens were provided feed spiked with five technical mixtures of short-, medium-or long-chain CPs and featuring low or high chlorine contents, at concentrations of 200 ng/g each. Eggs were collected daily. All mixtures except the LCCPs with high chlorine content transferred into the eggs, with accumulation ratios increasing with the chain length and chlorine content. Concentrations at the steady-state varied between 41 and 1397 ng/g lw depending on the mixture. Additionally, the homologue-dependant transfer resulted in a change of pattern compared to that from the spiked feed.
The effects of external exposure of chick (Gallus domesticus) eggs to dicofol and deltamethrin were examined using those commercial formulations which are used extensively throughout in India for the agricultural purposes. Fertilized eggs were immersed in various dose concentrations of each insecticide for 60 min at 37 ° C on prior to incubation, 4 th and 7 th day of incubation. The applied concentrations of each insecticide were 12.5, 25 and 50 mg L-1 of deltamethrin formulation and 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 of dicofol formulation. Sampling of all the treated embryos was done on embryonic day 16. The result revealed that administration of deltamethrin prior to incubation showed significant increase in percent mortality at concentrations of 25 mg L-1 and 50mg L-1 when compared with controls. No significant (p≥0.05) increases in percent mortality were observed in embryos treated with these insecticides on 4 th and 7 th day of incubation. Further, brain AChE activity of treated embryos...
Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences
The aim of this study was to investigate the testicular and genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, in adult male Japanese quail. For this purpose a total of 75 sexually mature birds were procured and randomly kept in five equal groups. Chlorpyrifos was given @ 0, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg/kg BW orally for 36 days to experimental birds present in all groups (A-E). Adverse effects such as gasping, depression, watery droppings, decreased foam production, tremors and less frequency of mounting with pen mates were evident in a dose-dependent manner. Chlorpyrifos decreased feed intake, body weight and relative weight of testes, liver and kidneys as compared to control birds. Histopathological examination of seminiferous tubules of testes at higher concentration of chlorpyrifos (10 and 12 mg/kg BW) revealed less number of spermatogenic cell layers, increased number of degenerated spermatozoa and multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, histopathological examination of ...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1996
The yolks of White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs were injected prior to incubation with either 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) at doses ranging from 0.1 to 12.8 Izg/kg egg or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) at doses ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 txg/kg egg. Chicks were subjected to necropsy within 24 h of hatching. The brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were removed and weighed. Assessment of the rate of hatching indicated an LDs0-S.E. of 2.3-0.19 txg/kg egg (7.1 + 0.58 nmol/kg egg) for PCB 126 and 0.15-0.012 txg/kg egg (0.47-_+ 0.037 nmol/ kg egg) for TCDD. No significant differences in the incidence of developmental abnormalities (structural defects and edema) were observed in TCDD-exposed embryos, while PCB 126 caused significantly more developmental abnormalities at 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 Ixg/kg egg than the vehicle control. PCB 126 caused lower hatchling weights and greater relative brain, heart, and liver weights when compared to the vehicle control group at a dose of 3.2 Ixg/kg egg which is greater than the LDs0. TCDD at 0.08 tzg/kg egg caused relative bursa weights to be less than those of the vehicle control. A toxic equivalency factor (TEF) of 0.07 was determined for PCB 126 in relation to TCDD based on overt lethality.
A review: Pesticide Toxicity in Avians
Use of pesticides in modern agriculture has increased tremendously. Pesticides affect humans, environment and wildlife including birds. Three main groups of chemical synthetic pesticides used are organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. Because of their persistent nature, organochlorines are no longer in use in several countries. But some of them like aldrin, dieldrin, lindane and endosulfan are still used in developing countries. They cause widespread population decline of raptorial birds like the peregrine falcon, the sparrow hawk and bald eagle. The well known effect of DDT in eggshell thinning of the peregrine falcon is caused by its highly persistent metabolite DDE [1,1, bis- 4-chlorphenyl]-2,2 dichlorethylene]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides do not bioaccumulate in the food chains and are less persistent. They have replaced the more persistent organochlorines. This review elaborates the effect of synthetic chemical pesticides on birds.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2009
Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.
PubMed, 1996
Carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, MI, was fed to White Leghorn chickens for a period of 8 wk. The diets contained 0.3 (control; 0% carp), 0.8 (3.4% carp), and 6.6 (35% carp) mg polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)/kg diet, by wet weight (ww). These concentrations corresponded to 3.3, 26, and 59 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents/g diet ww, respectively. Though the diets were not acutely toxic to the adult laying hens, dose- and time-dependent responses were observed in the embryos and chicks. Toxicity was manifested as a dose-dependent increase in embryo mortality and decreased hatching rates. Furthermore, embryos and chicks displayed various deformities, including (1) head and neck edema and hemorrhage, (2) abdominal edema and hemorrhage, (3) foot and leg deformities, (4) skull and brain deformities, (5) yolk-sac deformities, and (6) miscellaneous deformities. The types of deformities observed were similar to those reported for embryos and chicks of colonial waterbirds in Saginaw Bay, as well as in controlled studies where technical mixtures or individual congeners of polychlorinated diaromatic hydrocarbons (PCDAHs) were fed to chickens. Increasing concentrations of carp also significantly affected the various organ weights in 18-d embryos and hatched chicks. At 18 d of incubation, weights of the embryos' livers were directly proportional to the concentration of PCBs in the diets. The weights of the spleens and bursae were inversely proportional to the dietary PCB concentration. After 3 additional days of incubation, significant effects in body, brain, liver, heart, and bursa weights were observed in hatched chicks. The concentrations of total PCBs, as well as 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (TEQs) in the diets, were in the range of those that have been shown to cause similar adverse effects in other species. This study has shown that fish, the primary food source of colonial waterbirds in Saginaw Bay, are capable of causing adverse reproductive effects in a model avian species, the chicken. However, due to differences in the relative potency to cause effects on different endpoints in different species, the results of this study should not be used to predict the threshold for effects in other species.
Veterinarski Arhiv
The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and imidacloprid (IMC) insecticides were experimentally studied in layer chickens taking into account the patho-biochemical alterations. The LD50 values estimated were 41 mg/kg bw and 104.1 mg/kg bw for CPF and IMC, respectively. The plasma cholineesterase enzyme was severely inhibited in chickens given single dose of CPF @ 55 mg/kg bw via oral gavage, while it remained unchanged in chickens given IMC @ 139 mg/kg bw via similar route. The activities of liver function enzymes viz. AKP, ALT and AST were significantly increased in chickens of CPF and IMC groups. Uric acid level was significantly increased and cholesterol level was significantly reduced in plasma of CPF administrated chickens only. Plasma glucose values in chickens given CPF as well as in chickens given IMC were significantly increased at (P<0.01) and (P<0.05), respectively. Microscopically, liver tissues of CPF intoxicated chickens showed degeneration, c...
Chlorinated drinking water for lightweight laying hens
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 2016
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of chlorine in drinking water of laying hens on zootechnical performance, eggs shell quality, hemogasometry levels and calcium content in tibia. 144 Hy-Line laying hens, 61 weeks old, were used distributed in 24 metabolism cages. They were subjected to water diets, for a period of 28 days, using sodium hypochlorite as a chlorine source in order to obtain the following concentrations: 5ppm (control), 20ppm, 50ppm, and 100ppm. Their performance was evaluated through water consumption, feed intake, egg production and weight, egg mass, feed conversion. Shell quality was measured by specific gravity. At the end of the experiment, arterial blood was collected for blood gas level assessment and a poultry of each replicate was sacrificed to obtain tibia and calcium content measurement. There was a water consumption reduction from 20ppm of chlorine and feed intake reduction in poultry receiving water with 100ppm of chlorine. The regr...