Influence of Washing Medium Pre-treatment on Pyrolysis Yields and Product Characteristics of Palm Kernel Shell (original) (raw)
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Maximizing The Energy Potential Of Palm Kernel Shell By Pyrolytic Conversion To Biofuel
The effect of pyrolysis conversion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to bioenergy on the energy potential of the parent feedstock, was studied by pyrolyzing one kilogram of the biomass in a bench-scale screw-conveyor pyrolysis reactor at 450 o C. The process yielded 61 wt% bio-oil, 24 wt% bio-char and 14 wt% non-condensable flammable gas (NCG). The energy content of the PKS and its pyrolytic products were determined using standard methods. The higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of the bio-oil are higher than those of the parent feedstock by 29% and 26% respectively on moisture free basis. Similarly, the HHV of the bio-char is 77.7% higher than that of the original PKS. There was over 95% and 37% reduction in the ash and sulphur content, respectively, of the parent feedstock when converted to bio-oil. This makes the combustion of the bio-oil more environmentally friendly than direct combustion of the PKS. Furthermore, the result of the GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil reveals the presence of useful chemicals that can be harnessed for industrial applications. The results obtained in the characterization of the products compare well with those from pyrolysis of woody biomass. The integration of energy content of the pyrolysis products is the basis for positive energy balance in the processing of PKS for energy production.
This study describes the use of intermediate pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, char and pyrolysis gas from palm kernel shell. The experiments were conducted in a tubular reactor with a diameter of about 15 mm. About 10-gram PKS was pyrolyzed with a heating rate 75°C/min, under the flowing of N2 at a constant flow rate 200 mL/min. The reactor temperature is increased to the desired temperature of 400, 500, and 600°C. The modified zeolite was used as a catalyst to cracking the tar of pyrolysis product. The yield product for oil, water, char, gaseous from intermediate pyrolysis at 600°C were 39%, 8%, 28% and 25%, respectively. The resulting tar conversion using modified zeolite as a catalyst was 33%. The main component of bio-oil (tar) was the phenolic group and the presence of zeolite could eliminate the content of acetic acid in bio-oil (tar).
Process Simulation on Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell for Production of Fuel
Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology
As the worlds primary source of energy is depleting, an alternative particularly renewable energy is being explored. This work is a preliminary study on fast pyrolysis process of palm kernel shell to produce liquid fuel. The simulation uses pyrolysis data obtained from one of the previous works on fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell. As there are no literature available on upgrading of bio oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell, the chemical reactions are synthesised based on upgrading of bio oil from different biomass. The upgraded oil is then analysed by comparing its distillate curve with that of the ASTM of gasoline. The distillation curves are shown to be quite similar as the components found in the oil almost resemble those in the gasoline. Thus, the bio oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell has almost similar components compared to the ASTM of gasoline.
Thermochemical Conversion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to Bio-Energy
ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C, 2011
Palm kernel shell is an important by-product of oil palm production. It is often neglected and handled as waste in the product mix of palm oil production. One kilogram of PKS was pyrolized in a bench scale pyrolysis screw reactor at temperature range of 450 o C to 500 o C in 10mins. The process yielded 61 wt%, 24.5 wt% and 14 wt% bio-oil, bio-char and non condensable flammable gas respectively. Palm Kernel shell is relatively abundant in the tropical West Africa and Asia. Until recently PKS is commonly combusted for cooking purposes which contributes to total GHG emission. The products were characterized by determining their physical and chemical properties using standard methods. The thermochemical conversion shows that there is 29% and 26% increase in the higher heating values and lower heating values (on dry basis) respectively, of the bio-oil obtained when compared with the energy values of the original PKS. Similarly, the HHV of the bio-char is 62% higher than that of the original PKS. In addition the results of the GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil show that it contains useful chemicals that can be harnessed for industrial applications. The ash content of the bio-oil and the original PKS sample are 0.37% and 8.68% respectively, on as received, while the results of the elemental analyses show that there is < 0.08% and < 0.05% sulphur content of the PKS and its bio-oil respectively. This makes the products an environmentally suitable fuels for transportation and power generation. The results of this work show that the products compare well with those of other woody samples used for commercial pyrolysis process. PKS bio-char possesses the potential to be used as industrial absorbent in water treatment and process technology. Hence, PKS can be harnessed as potential future source of bio-energy and Activated carbon, and as such should be given adequate attention as a major product of oil palm processing for sustainable economic development of emerging economies.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011
Agriculture residues such as palm shell are one of the biomass categories that can be utilized for conversion to bio-oil by using pyrolysis process. Palm shells were pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 C with N 2 as carrier gas at flow rate 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 L/min. The objective of the present work is to determine the effects of temperature, flow rate of N 2 , particle size and reaction time on the optimization of production of renewable bio-oil from palm shell. According to this study the maximum yield of bio-oil (47.3 wt%) can be obtained, working at the medium level for the operation temperature (500 C) and 2 L/min of N 2 flow rate at 60 min reaction time. Temperature is the most important factor, having a significant positive effect on yield product of bio-oil. The oil was characterized by Fourier Transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCeMS) techniques.
Bio-oil from Oil Palm Shell Pyrolysis as Renewable Energy: A Review
Chemica : Jurnal Teknik Kimia (e-journal), 2022
Oil palm shell (OPS) is biomass with high carbon and hydrogen content, so it has the potential to produce renewable energy through the thermochemical method. Pyrolysis is a relatively inexpensive thermochemical method that continuously converts biomass into valuable gas, bio-oil, and char products. Bio-oil is used directly to fuel boilers and furnaces or to produce fuel oil. This article reviews the pyrolysis process of biomass from oil palm shells, discussing the operating parameters that influence the pyrolysis process and the method of upgrading bio-oil. This review shows a relationship between biomass composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and bio-oil yield. The water content in the raw material needs to be controlled at around 10%. The optimum particle size is closely related to the biomass's natural structure and reactor type. The higher the ash and fixed carbon content, the lower the bio-oil yield. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis is between 450-550 ºC. A high heating rate will increase the decomposition of biomass into bio-oil. Particle size and reactor type strongly influence feed rate, residence time, and reaction time. A fluidized bed reactor gives the highest bio-oil yield. Using plastic in co-pyrolysis and catalyst increases the heating value and decreases the oxygenated content. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license.
Temperature Effect on the Characterization of Pyrolysis Products from Oil Palm Fronds
The oil palm fronds (OPF) have the great potential in satisfying the energy demand due to its abundant availability. Due to limited usage and commercialization, lack of research work attempted on the OPF as compared with other oil palm wastes. Thermal conversion process, pyrolysis was performed on the OPF in the range between of 300-500 O C for two hours at a constant heating rate of 10 O C/min. The setup of fixed bed reactor and liquid collecting system was build up to collect and determine the yield of bio-char, pyrolysis oil and gases. The maximum yield of OPF bio-char was obtained at 300 O C with 50.95 wt% meanwhile, pyrolysis oil yield was observed to be initially increased until the maximum yield was reached at 400 O C with 47.41 wt%, and then decreased with the increment of temperature from 400-500 O C. The bio-char obtained from this work consisted of high amount of HHV within the range of 18.80 to 19.40 MJ/kg, but contained high ash content with the maximum around 4.52 mf wt% after pyrolyzed at 500 O C. Pyrolysis oils were found to be more acidic, higher ash content and decrement of HHV as temperature increased; furthermore, they were separated into two phases, tarry and an aqueous fraction.
2015
Biomass is a renewable resource that can potentially be used to produce biofuels via the pyrolysis process. Oil palm solid wastes are a rich biomass resource in Malaysia, and it is therefore very important that they be utilized for more beneficial purposes, particularly in the context of the development of biofuels. In this study, the oil palm solid wastes from the plantation and mill activities were characterized and then pyrolyzed to produce oil and byproducts (char and gas). The effects of lignocellulosic as well as the contents from the proximate and ultimate analyses in producing the oil and byproducts during the pyrolysis process were studied. The palm shell was then selected as a model of lignocellulosic biomass for further use as feedstock in the co-pyrolysis process. In co-pyrolysis, there have been several investigations performed such as the study of synergistic effects of the use of palm shell with plastic and palm shell with scrap tyre, the optimization study on the co-...
BIO-CHAR AND BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AND POLYETHYLENE
International Journal of Conservation Science, 2023
In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 o C and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 o C at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
In this study, an empirical model for the pyrolysis of major oil palm wastes (OPW) such as palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and oil palm frond (OPF), and their blends is developed. Moreover, the techno-economic feasibility of the wastes is investigated to determine the type of waste that would be suitable for the commercialization of different types of products. According to the model results, the bio-oil dominates the pyrolysis process’ product output, accounting for 59.21, 50.51, 56.60, and 55.65% of PKS, EFB, OPF, and their blend, respectively. Whereas biochar yield is 23.21, 23.1, 22.95, and 23.08%, gas yield is 17.57, 26.38, 20.44, and 21.27%. The findings demonstrate that the feedstocks under consideration are mostly suitable for producing bio-oil. According to the economic analysis, PKS-based pyrolysis has the highest capital expenses (CAPEX), while EFB-based pyrolysis has the lowest CAPEX of all tested feedstocks. Furthermore, PKS has the highest operating...