Operational Structure of the Hungarian Royal Agricultural Schools - the Example of Somogyszentimre (original) (raw)
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Journal of Rural Studies, 2012
The paper discusses local responses to schooling policy in the context of the uneven differentiation and sharp social polarisation of the Hungarian countryside. Counter-urbanisation, on the one hand, has brought affluent urban middle classes to suburban spaces, on the other hand, peripheral areas are becoming impoverished with high unemployment, while there are rural areas where a process of ghettoisation is taking place. Parallel with these processes, rural education has had to face demographic decline and the shrinking ability of municipalities to maintain schools. The case study presented in this article illustrates the cultural and spatial barriers impeding the creation of cooperation in the field of education. Given that the community of the village concerned is remarkably vibrant, with strong intra-community horizontal ties, the concept of social capital is used to explain how bonding and bridging networks as well as "missing links" influence community actions, in this case a schoolrescue operation.
The Specificity of the Activity of Educational Farms in Poland
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2021
Purpose: The study's subject was a poorly recognized and relatively new initiative in the Polish countryside, the educational farms. The purpose of the work is to present the essence of educational farms and the idea of their creation and familiarize the functioning of farms associated with the National Network of Educational Farms. Design/Methodology/Approach: We used the survey technique in the research. We sent the questionnaire to the owners of all educational farms in Poland. We received a return from 79 farms. Findings: The main motive for establishing an educational homestead was the desire to arouse interest in the specificity of living and working in the countryside and rural folklore and traditions. The most important benefit was the income and the pleasure of working with children. The difficulties mainly were the lack of funds for establishing and developing an educational farm. The most frequently implemented goal was an education in the field of environmental and consumer awareness as well as the cultural heritage of villages. The participants of the classes were mainly children of preschool and school-age. Classes on the cultural heritage of the countryside and arts and crafts enjoyed the greatest interest. Practical Implications: The presented results may be an inspiration and a valuable hint for farm owners who are considering or are at the stage of creating/modifying an educational farm as an undertaking to diversify their agricultural activity. Originality/value: The presented issues are very rarely undertaken in research. Existing studies were very general and not very detailed or were undertaken on a small research sample.
Rural societies with industrial workers in northeast Hungary
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The sphere of analysis in this article includes settlements in the north of Hungary. They are located in the north of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, in the area that attracted a labor force to the former Metallurgical Works of Ózd. The most considerable stratifi cation of society of the rural and poor noble population that lived in the settlements neighboring Ózd, which was inhabited since the Middle Ages, happened when in the former industrial town the demand for the labor force of the gradually expanding works extended and changed the society of the neighboring villages. After 1945, the process continued, and it attracted the inhabitants of the settlements located within a 50 kilometer radius to take part in industrial employment. Metallurgy, which offered a secure, permanent living as well as mining, which was typical of the region, formed laborers and miners from the native peasants living close to migrating workers and sometimes created dynasties of workers through several generations. The employment of women came to the fore in time: apart from housekeeping, which was demanding, the girls and mothers could do heavy manual work, so they appeared on the labor market as earners as well.
European Countryside
Relying on an interview-based research carried out in Szeklerland (Eastern Transylvania) between 2011 and 2020, the present study investigates the impact of the new rural development paradigm on the first level indicated by Van der Ploeg et al. (2000): changes in the relationship between agriculture and local society. The analysed region does not form an administrative unit, it is the eastern region of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy. It consists of rural settlements and small towns, the population of which is mostly of Hungarian ethnicity. More than half of the households have a small amount of land and are engaged in farming as their main or supplementary activity. Following a brief overview of the regional context, our paper analyzes the essential changes that have been taking place in the relationship between agriculture and the regional society over the last one or two decades. The focus of the analysis is how changes in the relationship between agriculture and the regiona...
The local communities of the Hungarian countryside – due to the heterogeneity of the local problems – may react to challenges with different responses and strategies, with the varied set of instruments of social innovation. Handling conflicts is especially difficult in lagging regions of eroded social structure and scarce resources where the efficiency of external assistance is weakened by the disorganised nature and inactivity of local societies. The Sellye district is one of the country's marginalised districts characterised by small villages: the appropriate local services are missing, transportation is ponderous, there is a high rate of unemployment, segregation is prominent. The aim of the study is to present how the elements of cultural and community education can complement the formal framework. Drávafok, which was chosen as the site of the case study is a typical microcenter in Ormánság, however, it can also be considered special due to its religious primary school and active cultural life. In our study – at regional level – we mainly used the data of the Central Statistical Office and the database of the LeaRn research. Regarding the local case study, our work was supported by a questionnaire study and by experts' interviews. Our results indicate: the role of the local educational and cultural institutions is not only significant because of their specific function. In addition to their power in organising the community, they retain a key class, significant in organising the life of the settlement. 1. The role of learning and local communities in rural regions In the world of lagging small settlements, learning has a special importance: in overcoming the disadvantages which feed on each other, adaptation and innovation play a significant role. The key of solving the problems is constant renewal, the modernisation of knowledge and methods. The monography entitled Learning Regions in Hungary, published in 2015, presents the features of the different regions through a method based on four pillars. The pillars of formal, informal, cultural and social education each signify an index constituted from five measures. These complex indicators are suitable to help us create an image of the learning habits – taken in a wider sense – of the different regions. In the countrified regions located far from economic centres – in relation to outward migration – the factors constituting the basis of traditional local communities are weakened (e.g. workplaces, work opportunities, institutions and services). A significant proportion of the residents live at a life standard lower than the national average and have poor ability to assert their interests. In order to expand the socially expected possibilities, a significant proportion of the motivated population moves away from the region or is oriented towards the central settlements (concerning outward migration, using services, consumption, usage of spaces). This process undermines the organisation of local societies. Following the weakening and disappearance of the traditional communities, the chances of forming a new type of commonality of interest diminish; there are few active citizens, and the factors acting against the forming of local groups are strong (the lack of community and information points, the strength of connections outside the settlements, etc.). The organisation of the local society and the ability and efficiency of using the local resources are highly significant with regard to the development of rural regions. Immaterial factors, in addition to material assets and physical factors (e.g.
Analysis of local development in Romanian and Hungarian villages
2019
Over the last decade we have been conducting research activities in many village research camps and accumulating knowledge about the development of different villages. There is a gradually strengthening assumption that the development possibilities in the analysed villages will be affected significantly by the condition of the local society. In the study, we primarily focused on the experiences gained in the Romanian and Hungarian village research camps, where we were studing the local society and the history of development of thevillages. The main question was whether their development was determined by strategy, good luck and good position, or by the quality of the local society. Thefollowing methods were used during the research: processing and analysis of data available at the site and in databases, questionnaire surveys, interviews and participant observations. In case of statistical data, we relied primarily on the applications of the National Spatial Development and Territori...