NAFTA Countries' Strategies for Addressing Marine Invasive Species through Shipping (original) (raw)

Abstract

Abstract Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While someattention has focused on ballast water, virtually no effort has been made to address biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both vectors. The strategies

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