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Personal Metadata : Order from Clutter Cognitive Science
2003
PURPOSE How can we improve people's work by adding digital metadata to their environment? Metadata, construed broadly, is information about objects and their related events and processes. The most familiar forms of metadata are subject, title, author, date and related descriptions of articles, papers and books. But the concept is comprehensive enough to include annotations found on a document, data about how a document has been used, when, by, whom and how often, and even where it is to be found on a desk or in a library. My objective in this research project is to explore how to digitally augment work using AI techniques to track some of the significant interactions that occur in them. PROBLEM Metadata has long been used to augment physical environments. Libraries, in particular, need a method by which books and other artifacts can be efficiently tracked and identified by multiple attributes. Standards such as Open Geospatial Interoperability Standard (OGIS) have been developed...
Aaron Zinman Personal Metadata: Order from Clutter Cognitive Science 190 2002-2003: Honors Thesis
2003
How can we improve people's work by adding digital metadata to their environment? Metadata, construed broadly, is information about objects and their related events and processes. The most familiar forms of metadata are subject, title, author, date and related descriptions of articles, papers and books. But the concept is comprehensive enough to include annotations found on a document, data about how a document has been used, when, by, whom and how often, and even where it is to be found on a desk or in a library. My objective in this research project is to explore how to digitally augment work using AI techniques to track some of the significant interactions that occur in them.
Annotations in Digital Libraries and Collaboratories - Facets, Models and Usage
2004
This paper presents the results of our study regarding the different facets and ways of using annotations in both digital libraries and collaboratories. This study represents an innovative attempt at gathering methodological tools and synergies from both fields in order to effectively define a comprehensive model for annotations. Thus we propose a conceptual model for annotations in order to develop an annotation service that can be plugged into digital libraries and collaboratories. Finally, starting from our model, we introduce a search strategy for exploiting annotations in order to search and retrieve relevant documents for a user query.
Metadata as a means for correspondence on digital media
2004
Metadata derive their action from their association to data and from the relationship they maintain with this data. An interpretation of this action is that the metadata lays claim to the data collection to which it is associated, where the claim is successful if the data collection gains quality as a result of it. We assume that the design process manifests itself in this way: the designer lays claim to data in such a way that this data gains quality. Claims form part of a complex adaptive system in which agreement on the quality of claims is achieved through correspondence. Applied in the context of a design studio, the result is a digital media library that is both the subject and result of the educational process. By teaching students how to express and utilise these claims and their qualities in their communication with peers, they can learn to become more effective in their use of information from various sources to support such communication. They will also learn how to build digital media libraries as a collective result of their communication. In this paper, we describe a methodology for adding, utilising and managing metadata and present some intermediate results from implementing this methodology into education.
User-Contributed Descriptive Metadata for Libraries and Cultural Institutions
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010
The Library of Congress and other cultural institutions are collecting highly informative user-contributed metadata as comments and notes expressing historical and factual information not previously identified with a resource. In this observational study we find a number of valuable annotations added to sets of images posted by the Library of Congress on the Flickr Commons. We propose a classification scheme to manage contributions and mitigate information overload issues. Implications for information retrieval and search are discussed. Additionally, the limits of a "collection" are becoming blurred as connections are being built via hyperlinks to related resources outside of the library collection, such as Wikipedia and locally relevant websites. Ideas are suggested for future projects, including interface design and institutional use of user-contributed information.
Our ORE experiment focused on ways that the standards being developed and promulgated (currently as a beta release) by the Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) activity might facilitate certain facets of digitized book annotation by scholarly users. Beyond simply wanting to express outcomes of the annotation process in a more interoperable and standards-based manner, we also wanted to explore how relatively granular annotations (e.g., at the level of paragraphs or smaller) might propagate across different representations (formats) of a single digitized book, across different digital instances (e.g., editions) of an individual work, or across a digital subset of an author's work; and we wanted to do so using commonplace and ubiquitous data sources and technologies. While not everything intended was accomplished, we did define strategies for constructing ORE Resource Maps (ReMs) that describe digitized books and annotations of those books, and we did create a simple, prototype client for annotation of digitized books which exploited these ReMs. Details of work accomplished are given below, but first, we highlight a subset of outcomes and findings from our work.
Annotators and Agents in a Web-based Collaboratory: Disclosing Cartographical Collections
This paper discusses two interrelated projects: 1) Manuscript map Annotation and Presentation System (MAPS) and 2) Multi-Agent Technology Contextualizing Historical Maps (MATCH-Maps). MAPS is based on a computer aided system that allows users to enrich manuscript maps with geo-references and annotations, and to link these to existing descriptions of archival documents. This bottom-up approach raises methodological questions regarding the authority of annotations and tags provided by professional versus non-professional researchers. In addition, users need to be able to search for contextual documents of old maps. For this purpose, we designed the multi-agent environment MATCH-Maps that complements the MAPS system. It will assist curators in restoring connections between manuscript maps and contextual archival documents and help users in searching for maps. Due to 19th century archival practices, many manuscript maps lost their contexts, when archivists separated them from the documents to which they belonged. Cultural heritage institutions are unequipped to reconstitute these lost relationships on their own. Involving users on basis of Web 2.0 principles seems a productive alternative. The annotations of users may provide valuable hints to the expertise of professional archivists. The multi-agent system will use annotation in suggesting possible links between manuscript maps and administrative documents. However, it will leave it to users and curators respectively to select and re-establish definitely their proper contexts. Keywords: Web 2.0, Cultural Heritage, Annotation of digital images, Multi-agent Technology, Cartography, EAD/EAC standard
Collaborative Annotation Sharing in Physical and Digital Worlds
Despite the existence of a plethora of annotating software for digital documents, many users still prefer reading and annotating them physically on paper. While others have proposed the idea of merging these two worlds, none of them fits all the design requirements identified in this paper (working in real-time, use readily available hardware, augment physical annotations with digital content, support annotation sharing and collaborative learning). In this paper we present the implemented prototype and a focus group study aimed at understanding studying habits and how the system would fit in these. The focus group revealed that paper material is often discarded or archived and annotations lost, web resources are not saved and fade with time, and that the prototype proposed fits in their studying habits and does not introduce any privacy concerns — be it ones related to the prototype's camera (used in public setting) or ones related to annotations sharing.
This volume describes an open architecture for an important new kind of national information infrastructure which we call the Digital Library System (DLS). The architectural framework includes the DLS functional components, the methodology by which the participating systems communicate with each other, and active, mobile software components, called Knowbots, which perform services for the users. Subsequent volumes will address detailed technical aspects of the architecture such as the design of Knowbots and the protocols required to bind the DLS components together. This research was carried out by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives to specify the overall structure and function of a DLS and to provide a basis for subsequent creation of an experimental system to evaluate the concept with real users.
Unanticipating metadata: Metadata in the ages of the internet and AI
Information services & use, 2023
This article is based upon the open plenary talk given at the NISO Plus Conference on February 14, 2023. David Weinberger, an American author, technologist, and speaker, explores the effect of the Internet and AI on metadata. He discusses how traditional metadata has had to anticipate the uses to which it will be put, who will use it, how users will navigate it, how it will be encoded, and how much metadata is enough. He asserts that the Internet has changed that because it encourages the adoption of the strategy of unanticipation.