Selenastrum Capricornutum: Harvesting and Oil Extraction, for Biodiesel Production (original) (raw)
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Extraction Technique for Lipid from Microalgae for Biodiesel
A study on the technique of lipid extraction from microalgae for the biodiesel production is performed, in which the author has narrowed down the research to the microalgae cultivation method, harvesting technique, lipid extraction of microalgae and also transesterification. At the early stage of the research, the author has batchcultivated the Nannochloropsis sp and Chlorella sp to conduct the growth evaluation by using the cell count method. The microalgae are then harvested by centrifugal separation. The project work continued with the sample collection of the mixedculture of microalgae from the pond for the extraction of lipid. For this project, the author has selected the solvent extraction method continued with the rotary evaporator to extract the lipid from microalgae. The solvent systems used for the extraction are n-hexane, methanol and the mixture of chloroform/methanol. The result from the extraction has shown that methanol is the best solvent to extract lipid from the mixed-culture of microalgae. The selection of this technique is made based on the ease of application and low cost consumption. Transesterification is also performed in order to convert the oil which is in the form of lipid to methyl ester. The alkali catalyzed process is applied in transeterification which is by using sodium hydroxide. Lastly, the pH measurement of the esterified product is conducted and analysis by using Thin Layer Chromatography is performed.
International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, 2014
The structural features of microalgal cell make it too difficult to extract the total lipid content of the cell as such. Thus, the cell disruption before lipid extraction becomes mandatory and has to be cost-effective. In the present study various methods and combination of few methods were adopted for effective extraction in order to choose the most effective cell disruption method for the complete extraction of lipids from a selected indigenous freshwater isolate, Scenedesmus sp. NTEB03. Interestingly, we found that grinding and bead-beating method showed two fold increased lipid productivity (23.2%) than the other methods tested. Biomass and lipid productivity of Scenedesmus sp., was found to be 0.0418 g L-1 d-1 and 4.3 mg L-1 d-1 respectively. Fatty acid profiles revealed that oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) content being higher in the lipids, which are most appropriate for the biodiesel production. A novel strategy for most effective, simple method for cell disruption in Scenedesmus sp., was grinding/bead-beating, which is the most suitable method for complete extraction of biofuel grade lipids.
A study on effective lipid extraction methods from certain fresh water microalgae
2012
Introduction Lipids including animal fats and plant oils are the main feedstock for biofuels (biodiesel) production. Animals and most microorganisms are heterotrophs. They are able to efficiently synthesize a compact storage of energy-fat while releasing a certain amount of CO2. Plants, including algae, are autotrophs and they function with bulky storage of energy-starch [1]. Currently, biodiesel is made from a variety of feedstocks, including pure vegetable oils, waste cooking oils and animal fat; however, the limited supply of these feedstocks impede the further expansion of biodiesel production. Microalgae have long been recognized as potentially good sources for biofuel production because of their high oil content and rapid biomass production. In recent years, use of microalgae as an alternative biodiesel feedstock has gained renewed interest from researchers, entrepreneurs, and the general public [2]. In particular, biodiesel has two main advantages, the mitigation of carbon di...
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2013
Microalgae have the ability to grow rapidly, synthesize and accumulate large amounts (approximately 20-50% of dry weight) of lipids. A successful and economically viable algae based oil industry will depend on the selection of appropriate microalgal strains and the selection of the most suitable lipid extraction method. In this paper, five extraction methods were evaluated regarding the extraction of lipids from Chlorella vulgaris: Bligh and Dyer, Chen, Folch, Hara and Radin, and Soxhlet. Furthermore, the addition of silica powder was studied to evaluate the introduction of more shear stress to the system as to increase the disruption of cell walls. Among the studied methods, the Bligh and Dyer method assisted by ultrasound resulted in the highest extraction of oil from C. vulgaris (52.5% w/w). Addition of powder silica did not improve the extraction of oil.
Carbon dioxide emission has become a serious global issue and a lot of research is being carried out to look for environment-friendly and economically viable energy resources. The only alternative that appears to meet revolutionary needs is the utilization of renewable energy. Although various forms of renewable energy are being currently used, the prospects of producing carbon-neutral biofuels from microalgae appear bright because of its eco-friendly nature; non-toxic characteristics, biodegradability and lower net carbon cycle .They have some unique features such as high CO2-sequestering capability, ability to grow in wastewater/seawater/brackish water and high-lipid productivity. Main benefits in micro algal biofuel technology are the cost-effectiveness and its efficiency in extraction of lipids .The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on various methods of lipid extraction from microalgae available, to discuss the merits and demerits. The article contains about various methods of lipid extraction procedures including solvent extraction procedures, mechanical approaches, and solvent-free procedures apart from some of the latest extraction technologies. Further development is needed in this area for successful implementation of this technology at the large scale production.
Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae
Applied Sciences, 2020
Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.
Comprehensive review on lipid extraction methods for the production microalgae biofuel
J. Algal Biomass Utln. , 9(1): 48-61 , 2018
Carbon dioxide emission has become a serious global issue and a lot of research is being carried out to look for environmentfriendly and economically viable energy resources. The only alternative that appears to meet revolutionary needs is the utilization of renewable energy. Although various forms of renewable energy are being currently used, the prospects of producing carbon-neutral biofuels from microalgae appear bright because of its eco-friendly nature; non-toxic characteristics, biodegradability and lower net carbon cycle .They have some unique features such as high CO2-sequestering capability, ability to grow in wastewater/seawater/brackish water and high-lipid productivity. Main benefits in micro algal biofuel technology are the cost-effectiveness and its efficiency in extraction of lipids .The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on various methods of lipid extraction from microalgae available, to discuss the merits and demerits. The article contains about various methods of lipid extraction procedures including solvent extraction procedures, mechanical approaches, and solventfree procedures apart from some of the latest extraction technologies. Further development is needed in this area for successful implementation of this technology at the large scale production.
Oil extraction from algae: A comparative approach
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 2014
In this article, various methods including Soxhlet, Bligh & Dyer (B&D) and ultrasonic assisted B&D were investigated on lipid extraction of algal species Chlorella vulgaris. Relative polarity/water content as well as impolar per polar ratios of solvents were considered to optimize the relative proportions of each triplicate agent applying RSM method. It was found that for soxhlet, hexane-methanol (54%-46% respectively) with total lipid extraction of 14.65% and chloroform-methanol (54%-46% respectively) with the extraction of 19.87% were the best set of triplicate where further addition of acetone to first group and ethanol to the second, did not contributed to further extraction. In B&D however,chloroform:methanol:water(50%-35%-15% respectively) reached the all-time maximum of 24%. Osmotic shock as well as ultrasonication contributed to 3.52% of further extraction which is considered to promote the total yield up to almost 15%. From the growth data and fatty acid analysis, the applied method was assessed to be appropriate for biodiesel production both for selectivity and extraction yield.
Microalgal Lipid Extraction and Evaluation of Single-Step Biodiesel Production
This work examined solvent extraction of lipid from microalgae for production of renewable biofuels, thereby allowing appropriate selection of solvent and extraction methods. The results of this study revealed that the mixture of chloroform and methanol (C/M) at the ratio of 2:1 (v/v) could extract the highest amount of total lipid from algae, while hexane was found to be a good solvent, concerning the selectivity for targeted lipids such as mono-, di-and tri-glycerides. As far as the extraction methods are concerned, applying disruption, especially with microwave could accelerate the rate of lipid extraction from algae with tough cell walls such as Chlorella vulgaris. On the other hand, ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction techniques added no benefits to the extraction of lipid from powder of Haematococcus pluvialis whose cell wall was previously damaged. Other than lipid extraction, this paper concerns with the development of transesterification process for algal lipid using C. vulgaris as a model system. Here, the effects of the amount of catalyst, alcohol to biomass ratio and reaction time on biodiesel yield were investigated. We also studied a single-step biodiesel production where extraction and transesterification simultaneously took place and comparison between this method and the conventional two-step biodiesel production process was made.