Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya (original) (raw)
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In Kenya, heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities cannot be underestimated. Therefore, an assessment of heavy metal contamination (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Mn) in sediments of Masinga reservoir was carried out between January 2013 and December 2013 in five sampling sites. Heavy metal Concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The data obtained was analyzed using one way analysis of variance and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Post Hoc Turkeys' test was used to separate means. Mean heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) in sediments were Cu (11.38-23.67), Zn (60.04-75.84), Pb (11.14-14.47), Cr (21.39-49.62) and Mn (259.12-642.30). There were significant differences in metal concentrations recorded for Cu, Cr, and Mn (p < 0.05) between the sites. The concentrations for all metals in sediments were lower than World Health Organization (WHO) set limit except for Cr at Tumutumu sampling site. The high Cr concentration is an indication of untreated or inadequately treated industrial and sewage wastes from the catchment.
Nutrient Loads and Heavy Metals assessment along Sosiani River, Kenya
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Pollution loads were investigated to obtain data on nature and level of contaminations. Soil, sediment and water were collected from five sites and analyzed. Nitrates were determined using UV spectrophotometric screening and colorimetric methods. Phosphates were determined using ascorbic acid and Olsen methods. Nitrates and Phosphates were below EMC and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) recommended values of 3.0 ppm and 10.0 ppm respectively. Heavy metals were analyzed using wet digestion method and values obtained were above the set limits. At site 3 values obtained were: for Iron (3.562±0.
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2014
Levels of concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) and nutrients in rivers Naka and Irigu were determined in the first three months (January, February and March, 2013) and variation downstream compared. Lead and cadmium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hydride generation method was used to determine concentration of arsenic while that of mercury was determined using cold vapour technique. Calorimetric methods were used to determine levels of nitrates and phosphates. Concentration levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic were found to be beyond the permissible levels stipulated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water specifications. Lead had the highest concentration with a range of 0.0537±0.103 parts per million (ppm) to 0.765±0.782 ppm followed by cadmium with a concentration range of 0.035 ± 0.006ppm to 0.24±0.0084 ppm in both rivers Naka and Irigu. The high concentration levels of lead in River Naka could be attributed to disposal of wastes directly into the river from Chuka Town due to poor drainage systems. Mercury was found to be below the detection limit. On the other hand, phosphate had a concentration range of 8.31±0.429 ppm to 10.33±0.189 ppm. This was above the specified level of 2.2ppm in drinking water according to NEMA. Only nitrate was below the recommended levels of 50 ppm and 45 ppm NEMA and WHO guidelines respectively for drinking water.
Heavy metals distribution in sediments along the Killindini and Makupa creeks, Kenya
Hydrobiologia, 2001
Makupa creek is connected to the Indian Ocean via the Killindini creek; the study deals with the distribution of heavy metals in the Makupa and Killindini creeks. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn, in sediments at the inner sections of the creeks were high compared to those measured at Likoni (ocean). Considering trace metal levels at the inner sections relative to Likoni the ratios obtained, were Cd 7:1, Cu 13:1, Fe 5:1 and Zn 21:1. The results obtained point at Makupa creek as the main source of heavy metals into the creek system, however iron behaved differently, it was significantly higher at the Killindini Habour P There was a decline in concentrations of, copper and zinc from the inner stations to the frontwater zone at Makupa creek. Spatial variations of cadmium were not significant between inner and frontwater zones of the Makupa creek P>0.05 (at 95% confidence level), and also between Makupa and Harbour. There was however a significant difference P
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2014
Levels of concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) and nutrients in rivers Naka and Irigu were determined in the first three months (January, February and March, 2013) and variation downstream compared. Lead and cadmium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hydride generation method was used to determine concentration of arsenic while that of mercury was determined using cold vapour technique. Calorimetric methods were used to determine levels of nitrates and phosphates. Concentration levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic were found to be beyond the permissible levels stipulated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water specifications. Lead had the highest concentration with a range of 0.0537±0.103 parts per million (ppm) to 0.765±0.782 ppm followed by cadmium with a concentration range of 0.035 ± 0.006ppm to 0.24±0.0084 ppm in both rivers Naka and Irigu. The high concentration levels of lead in River Naka could be attributed to disposal of wastes directly into the river from Chuka Town due to poor drainage systems. Mercury was found to be below the detection limit. On the other hand, phosphate had a concentration range of 8.31±0.429 ppm to 10.33±0.189 ppm. This was above the specified level of 2.2ppm in drinking water according to NEMA. Only nitrate was below the recommended levels of 50 ppm and 45 ppm NEMA and WHO guidelines respectively for drinking water.
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