Population size estimation of transgender women and men in Bhutan (original) (raw)
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Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2019
Accurate estimates of the number and the proportion of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people in a population are necessary for developing databased recommendations and for planning and funding of health care delivery and The authors have nothing to disclose.
Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2016
Transgender populations face inequalities in access to HIV, health and social services. In addition, there is limited documentation of models for providing appropriately tailored services and social support for transgender populations in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents outcomes of the Global Fund-supported Pehchan programme, which aimed to strengthen community systems and provide HIV, health, legal and social services to transgender communities across 18 Indian states through a rights-based empowerment approach. We used a pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional survey design with retrospective analysis of programmatic data. Using stratified sampling, we identified 268 transgender participants in six Indian states from a total of 48,280 transgender people served by Pehchan through 186 community-based organizations. We quantified the impact of interventions by comparing baseline and end line indicators of accessed health social and legal services. We also asse...
Social Adjustment of Transgender: A Study of District Chiniot, Punjab (Pakistan)
Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2014
This research paper looks at social adjustment of transgender of Pakistan and how they are survives in this society. In Pakistan transgender are a marginalized group and are commonly associated with dancing, prostitution and begging. This research looks at five dimensions of transgender, psychological, social, political, religious, and their individual adjustment. Based on fieldwork conducted in Pakistan the main factors influencing of the transgender are age, education, family structure and family members. One of the main features of the lives of many transgender is membership in a transgender community, which this research shows can have both positive and negative effects on society. The present study was designed to explore the social adjustment of transgender in district Chiniot. For the purpose of the study existing literature on the topics was thoroughly reviewed. A sample of 120 respondents was taken equally (40 from each) three randomly selected localities Towns, Villages and Mahallas. Questionnaire was prepared in the light of research objectives for data collection. Suitability of the questionnaire was examined through its pretesting on the twenty respondents Interviewing with questionnaire schedule was use as a tool to collected data. SPSS (statically package for social sciences) was used for data analysis. Statistical analysis Chi-Square secure test was taken to check the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Heterogeneity in Transgender: A Cluster Analysis of a Thai Sample
International Journal of Transgenderism, 2005
An analysis was performed of data from an Adjective Checklist (ACL) study of identity and gender-trait stereotype in Thai MtF transgenders (Winter and Udomsak, 2002a, 2002b). Contrary to previous analyses, the current analysis employed the participants (rather than the ACL traits) as the unit of analysis. For each participant a calculation was made of the extent to which traits endorsed for actual self were also those endorsed as stereotypically male (masculine) or stereotypically female (feminine) traits. In this way gender-in-self scores (indices of masculinity, femininity, and non-differentiation) in actual self-concept (MASC, FASC, and NASC respectively) were calculated. A similar matching procedure involving ideal self led to the calculation of indices for masculinity, femininity, and non-differentiation in ideal self-concept (MISC, FISC, and NISC respectively). A cluster analysis was then performed, using these six gender-in-self scores in order to identify any groups within our sample.Participants clustered into three substantial groups, together accounting for 98% of the data. The largest (69.9% of the sample) endorsed stereotypically male and female as well as undifferentiated traits. It could therefore be described as an androgynous group. The next, accounting for 21.4% of the sample, endorsed overwhelmingly undifferentiated traits. It was accordingly labelled the undifferentiated group. The last, accounting for 6.6% of the sample, endorsed overwhelmingly female-stereotyped traits and. in view of the fact that they had constructed for themselves such a highly stereotypically female self-concept, was labelled the feminine group. All six gender-in-self scores played a part in distinguishing the groups from each other.For all three groups discrepancies between actual and ideal self were found, suggesting personal growth goals that led away from female stereotype.Traits endorsed for actual self were further examined for any sign of group differences in terms of scores for 14 underlying features, as well as loadings on four higher-order factors, as employed in the Winter and Udomsak (2002b) analysis. Traits endorsed for ideal self and for gender-trait stereotyping were examined in the same way and for the same purpose.For actual self no significant group differences were found. In contrast, several differences were found for ideal self. Trails endorsed by the undifferentiated group stood out from the others by being higher on adult ego state, conscientiousness, and emotional stability, and lower on adapted child ego state. All this was reflected in stronger loadings on resourcefulness/dependability.Numerous group differences were identified for gender-trait stereotyping. The feminine group (compared to the other two groups) considered stereotypically female traits to be (a) higher on strength, favourability, adult and free child ego states, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness, and psychological importance, and (b) lower on adapted child ego state. All this was reflected in a stereotypical view of the female as both more caring/harmonious (a stereotypically “female” factor), as well as more resourceful/dependable (usually a stereo-typically “male” factor) than how she was viewed by the other groups. The undifferentiated group's view of the female was at the other extreme, providing a mirror image effect.In conclusion, three groups of MtF transgenders were identified, differing from each other in terms of the degree of gender stereotypy evident in their actual and ideal self-concepts. The three groups also differed in terms of the underlying elements of the traits that they had endorsed for ideal self, as well as for gender-trait stereotypes.
Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review
The Lancet, 2016
Transgender people are a diverse population aff ected by a range of negative health indicators across high-income, middle-income, and low-income settings. Studies consistently document a high prevalence of adverse health outcomes in this population, including HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, mental health distress, and substance use and abuse. However, many other health areas remain understudied, population-based representative samples and longitudinal studies are few, and routine surveillance eff orts for transgender population health are scarce. The absence of survey items with which to identify transgender respondents in general surveys often restricts the availability of data with which to estimate the magnitude of health inequities and characterise the population-level health of transgender people globally. Despite the limitations, there are suffi cient data highlighting the unique biological, behavioural, social, and structural contextual factors surrounding health risks and resiliencies for transgender people. To mitigate these risks and foster resilience, a comprehensive approach is needed that includes gender affi rmation as a public health framework, improved health systems and access to health care informed by high quality data, and eff ective partnerships with local transgender communities to ensure responsiveness of and cultural specifi city in programming. Consideration of transgender health underscores the need to explicitly consider sex and gender pathways in epidemiological research and public health surveillance more broadly.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
Background: Transgender (TG) is a term used to define individuals with a gender identity that is incongruent with the gender identity accorded to them at birth. Over the last two decades, health research on TGs has focused mainly on their sexual practices, leading to lack of information on their health problems and healthcare-seeking behaviour beyond STDs /HIV. The current study aimed to gain insight into the health status of TGs. Methods: A community based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in transgenders living in an urban area from December 2022 to January 2023 with a sample size of 160. Snowball sampling technique was used till the sample size was achieved. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was entered and analysed in MS Excel with descriptive statistics. Results: Majority of the study subjects belonged to 20-30 years of age. 43% were illiterates, 87% were living in rented houses. 89% screened for HIV in last 6 months, 57% u...
Socioeconomic Status of Transgenders (Hijras) In Chennai District (Tamil Nadu, India)
international journal of science technology and management, 2018
Social acknowledgment of the third sexual orientation (transgender) is exceptionally imperceptible and powerless over the world and over all areas of the general population. Their inheritances were likewise been rejected by numerous individuals including by their folks, kin and relatives are a despicable truth. Since these individuals are viewed as a revile to the general public, much of the time they are ousted from their home by their folks, siblings, and in-laws and so on., these segments of transgender are involved in unscrupulous and unlawful work for their day to day financial expensive and to satisfy their basic needs. The common society views transgender from a different perspective, their social acceptance among the common public is not satisfactory. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information from the target population and snowballing sampling methods were adopted.
BMC Public Health, 2014
Background: A barrier to monitoring the health of gender minority (transgender) populations is the lack of brief, validated tools with which to identify participants in surveillance systems. Methods: We used the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), a prospective cohort study of U.S. young adults (mean age = 20.7 years in 2005), to assess the validity of self-report measures and implement a two-step method to measure gender minority status (step 1: assigned sex at birth, step 2: current gender identity). A mixed-methods study was conducted in 2013. Construct validity was evaluated in secondary data analysis of the 2010 wave (n = 7,831). Cognitive testing interviews of close-ended measures were conducted with a subsample of participants (n = 39). Results: Compared to cisgender (non-transgender) participants, transgender participants had higher levels of recalled childhood gender nonconformity age < 11 years and current socially assigned gender nonconformity and were more likely to have ever identified as not completely heterosexual (p < 0.001). No problems with item comprehension were found for cisgender or gender minority participants. Assigned sex at birth was interpreted as sex designated on a birth certificate; transgender was understood to be a difference between a person's natal sex and gender identity. Participants were correctly classified as male, female, or transgender. Conclusions: The survey items performed well in this sample and are recommended for further evaluation in languages other than English and with diverse samples in terms of age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.