Poverty and Inequality Research Cluster (original) (raw)
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This topic guide introduces key readings and debates on poverty and inequality. It covers measurement and analysis, trends and projections, and understanding and addressing extreme poverty and inequality.
Introduction to poverty and inequality
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, 2023
It is just expected that societies pursue the general welfare of their citizens. How they place the well-being of people in the lowest socioeconomic stratum, however, remains the core focus of social development and policies. Poverty and inequality are two interrelated elements of research and policy analysis that inform us about how societies are placing their priorities and making progress on this ongoing and almost universal socioeconomic struggle. This is also an area where natural experiments are taking place as societies develop and apply their own priorities with regard to how to assess the well-being of people and what redistributive and social policy interventions to adopt for politically desirable outcomes. While the practice of using consumption, income, wealth, and other forms of economic well-being remains at the core of poverty and inequality measurement, the past few decades have witnessed remarkable developments in the way they are conceptualized, operationalized, measured, and analyzed. Regional as well as macro-and meso-level variations have also occurred in the way poverty and inequality are assessed and policy interventions are designed and executed. These issues are not just operational in the sense that governments seek to achieve greater growth with the aim of improving the conditions of the masses. Because real people out there have to endure real suffering and disadvantage coming with poverty and low socioeconomic standing, with lasting impact on future generations, these issues are increasingly tied with the normative idea of social justice, equity, and fairness. There is no question that poverty and low socioeconomic standing force people to accept their inferior status in society. This can be particularly difficult when economic inequality runs high, allowing the well-off sections of society a lifestyle that is unthinkable to the masses. Not only are the rich and well-off able to avoid the drudgeries or even the normal idea of "work" that is of necessity to the poor and disadvantaged, but the social and political system is also rigged as it rewards the rich through policies designed by those who count on their financial and political supports in the first place. The price of inequality, according to Stiglitz (2012), can be enormous as it threatens the political stability and well-functioning democratic institutions that have been achieved in much of the world historically and especially during the second half of the 20th century. Reducing poverty and the suffering brought about by people's disadvantaged positions is also a moral imperative, something possible according to Sachs (2006, 2012) through increased taxes on the rich as a "price of civilization" as well as a greater sense of responsibility among high-income and otherwise resourceful countries. What is needed here is the commitment to reduce poverty not just within but also across nations in today's interconnected world. Atkinson's (2015) observation of an "Inequality Turn" is also important, in which the redistributive policies of earlier periods have been reversed since the 1980s, causing a major, and still continuing, reversal of inequality globally. The fact that inequality remained relatively
Handbook on poverty and inequality
2009
© 2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 12 11 10 09 This volume is a ...
Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality GINS 4090E
Global and International Studies, 2019
This is a course for those interested in understanding the causes of poverty and inequality. Intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, corporations, civil society groups, communities and individuals make claims about the causes of poverty and inequality, and what ought to be done regarding it. We will analyze poverty and inequality at multiple scales, starting from the individual, to the household, community, nation and world. We will critically evaluate claims about poverty and assess different measures used to support them. This will allow us to understand the diverse manifestations of poverty and inequality as well as their diverse causes and consequences. We will draw upon different fields of study in seeking to better understand poverty and inequality; drawing on anthropology, history, political science, economics and beyond. Throughout the course, we will critically analyze how the explanations of poverty and inequality shape initiatives aimed to address them. The course will primarily focus on poverty and inequality in the Global South.
World poverty and inequality , 2019
World poverty and inequality nowadays has become a trending topic among everyone. Usually poverty is a pronounced deprivation in well being. It can be defined narrowly or more broadly depending on how well the concept has been understood. Basically the narrow decision is linked with commodities whether the household sector or individuals have enough recourses to meet their basic needs. When it comes to the main case of poverty mostly it is been referred in monetary terms with respect to household income or consumption (Haughton & Khandker, 2009). more broader definitions of well being includes such items as a physical and mental health , close relationships , agency and participation , social connections , competence and self worth, and values and meaning ( wellbeing and poverty pathways, 2013). Basically there are two types of poverty. That is absolute poverty and relative poverty . Absolute poverty is the poverty below and official line set at the absolute standard of what households should be able to count on in order to meet their basic needs( Coudouel et al,. 2002,p.33) relative poverty is define as in relation to the other people in the society at the same time ( Hulme, 2010). There is an increasing in understanding that poverty is multidimensional but there is a tendency to focus on human development outcomes such as health, education, and nutrition when looking beyond income measure (poverty analysis discussion group, 2012). Moreover poverty can be seasonal or non seasonal. For example people can fall into poverty if the end of the dry season exhausts food stocks and then recover later. Nevertheless inequality and poverty are both two phenomena’s most people use to talk together. But it is different from each other. Inequality refers to disparities and discrepancies in areas such as income, wealth, education, health, nutrition, space, politics and social identity intercepting inequalities occur when people face inequality in multiple aspects of their lives. mostly vertical inequalities occur between individuals while the horizontal inequalities occur between the groups .mostly economic inequalities is often found in conjunction with either social inequalities faced by the people marginalized because of social inequalities like gender . In this research mostly focused on, World poverty and inequality its causes and measures Consequences of poverty and inequality and Its impact and future trends on the world .
2009
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Poverty: What is it and what is it not? A Concept Analysis
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.7\_Issue.5\_May2017/IJHSR\_Abstract.051.html, 2017
Objectives: There is no single "correct" definition of poverty. However, there is consensus that any definition of poverty needs to acknowledge particular social, economic and cultural contexts. Different meanings of poverty results in different policy implementations in the context of human poverty. There is also less agreement as to whether objective or subjective definitions and measurements of poverty are more valid. Participatory approaches however point to the need to let people define for themselves what it means to be poor and define the magnitude, causes and consequences of being poor. The major focus of this paper was to clarify, explain and define the concept of poverty. Methods: A concept analysis of poverty was done using the eight steps of Walker and Avant's strategic method. Initially 20 articles from 1995-2017 were reviewed. Seven articles were later dropped and thirteen articles were finally reviewed to deduce the definition of poverty. Results: The main antecedents of poverty identified in literature include ignorance, laziness, and lack of skill, lack of capital, dependency, poor infrastructure, unemployment, dishonesty and presence of diseases. Attributes of poverty identified in literature include lack of adequate income, ill-being, and lack of capability and functioning, lack of assets and material things, vulnerability, lack of education, social exclusion, and deprivation, powerless and voiceless. The resultant consequences of poverty were severe diseases, hunger, malnutrition, increased morbidity and mortality from illness, school dropping out, social discrimination, corruption, abuse and lack of general services. Empirical referents which are fundamental to poverty for future health and poverty research methodology in poverty eradication include Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index(HPI). These indices are helpful in mapping poverty differences between countries and view poverty trends over time. Conclusion: The definition of poverty provided in this concept analysis will facilitate proper interpretation of the meaning of poverty and standardization of tools used to measure and monitor poverty. Poverty eradication purports to positively affect the economic growth of nations and hence improve the well-being of individuals.
Poverty And Inequality In Middle Income Countries
In recent years, poverty alleviation, poverty reduction and the eradication of poverty have moved up the international agenda, with poverty eradication now defined as the greatest global challenge facing the world today. In cooperation with its sponsors, the International Social Science Council (ISSC) and the University of Bergen (UiB), CROP works in collaboration with knowledge networks, institutions and scholars to establish independent, alternative and critical poverty research in order to help shape policies for long-term poverty prevention and eradication. The CROP network comprises scholars engaged in poverty-related research across a variety of academic disciplines. Researchers from more than a hundred different countries are represented in the network, which is coordinated by the CROP Secretariat at the University of Bergen, Norway. The CROP series on International Studies in Poverty Research presents expert research and essential analyses of different aspects of poverty worldwide. By promoting a fuller understanding of the nature, extent, depth, distribution, trends, causes and effects of poverty, this series will contribute to knowledge concerning the reduction and eradication of poverty at global, regional, national and local levels.
UNIDEV -Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice is a three-year project (2013)(2014)(2016) funded by the European Commission and implemented by the NGO Support Centre in Cyprus, the Pontis Foundation in Slovakia and Kimmage Development Studies Centre in Ireland.