ENERGY SUPPLY SECURITY INDEX: AN ANALYSIS FOR TURKISH ECONOMY (original) (raw)
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In today's world, energy is one of the most important inputs for a multitude of industries and production branches. Access to uninterrupted, adequate, reliable, cheap, stable and sustainable energy has become essential to the basic functioning of modern societies. Ensuring energy security is of critical importance in terms of economic stability and sustainable growth. Interruptions in the energy supply can cause serious economic and social losses. Lack of energy security discourages investors by threatening production and increasing costs. The aim of this study is to identify the primary risks concerning the security of the energy supply in Turkey and to propose solutions. The study discusses the current state of energy security in Turkey, which is substantially dependent on foreign supply to meet its energy needs. The study also examines the importance of the advantages and opportunities offered to Turkey by both domestic and renewable resources, which are not being fully utilized, despite their high potential, and Turkey's potential to become an energy transit hub in terms of energy security.
Determinants of Energy Supply Security: An Econometric Analysis For Turkey
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Energy is a major input for almost all goods and services sectors; a critical foundation for economic growth and social progress. Along with social progress and economic development, energy demand is continuously increasing. Therefore, energy supply security, which means providing uninterruptible energy supply, is of vital importance for sustainable economic development. The study sheds light on concept and indicators of energy security. First We, defined the concept of energy supply security. After providing a brief literature survey on energy security, we try to investigate the main determinants of energy supply security. Accessibility, availability, affordability and acceptability are the main dimensions of energy supply security. Four indices are constructed to measure energy supply security: Import Dependency Index, Intensity Index, Domestic Production Index and Composite Index. Following a literature survey of the main determinants of supply security, and with the availability of data, an ad hoc model is formed and estimated by a Granger Causality Test and a Johansen Cointegration Analysis for the period 1970-2009 for Turkey.
Security of the Energy Supply in Turkey: Prospects, Challenges and Opportunities
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2016
In today’s world, energy is one of the most important inputs for a multitude of industries and production branches. Access to uninterrupted, adequate, reliable, cheap, stable and sustainable energy has become essential to the basic functioning of modern societies. Ensuring energy security is of critical importance in terms of economic stability and sustainable growth. Interruptions in the energy supply can cause serious economic and social losses. Lack of energy security discourages investors by threatening production and increasing costs. The aim of this study is to identify the primary risks concerning the security of the energy supply in Turkey and to propose solutions. The study discusses the current state of energy security in Turkey, which is substantially dependent on foreign supply to meet its energy needs. The study also examines the importance of the advantages and opportunities offered to Turkey by both domestic and renewable resources, which are not being fully utilized, despite their high potential, and Turkey’s potential to become an energy transit hub in terms of energy security.
An Overview of Turkey’s National Energy Policies
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Security of energy supply and sustainable economic growth are central concerns for policy makers. Despite the fact that they have paramount importance to all countries, just the countries with rich natural resources may respond to energy security threats. As an energy importer country, Turkey has been struggling with sustainable energy supply as well as providing indiginous energy. Parallel to economic growth, the demand of energy has been increasing in Turkey and energy supply security became critical. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources put the goal of the national energy strategies and mining policies to have uninterrupted energy supply with energy efficiency to improve and sustain the welfare of living of the population with continuing economic growth. In this Study, firstly, theoretical framework of energy security and energy efficiency will be analyzed. Then energy policies of Turkey will be explained by comparing the 1990’s and 2000’s. Finally, some policy recommendations will be put forth for successful national energy policies and energy supply security. Access to uninterrupted energy is one of the most important factors for a country to have sustainable development. It is fact that almost all of the production processes are dependent on energy input. Either as a raw material or an intermediate good, energy is directly corrolated with the economic, social and environmental development of a country. It is predicted that energy demand will be expanded by 45% by 2030 and by 300% by the end of this century. This rough calculation points that it will be necessary to tripple the investment in infrastructure to satisfy the demand. According to this scenario, the depletion of fossil fuels will be unavoidable. Hence, there will be increasing demand for clean, affordable and secure energy in all countries (Chalvatzis and Ioannidis, 2017:2916).
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES …, 2006
The paper will firstly explain the meaning of energy security and its main concepts such as energy diversity and storage. Given answer to the question how energy security is perceived in some countries like USA, EU, China, and Russia, the paper takes an interest in Turkey's energy security. To determine the amount of energy dependency of Turkey, the paper concentrates on the consumption and production of various energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas in the country. Then it emphasizes over the diversification of energy suppliers and emergency policies under some energy crisis. Energy has a vital importance in human life and is perhaps one of the most important factors in economic growth. Until 1970, energy was cheap and easily obtained compared today. After the oil crisis of 1973 this situation has been gradually changed and most of the countries started to face with energy problem. Energy security has been the main foreign policy issue for some countries. Particularly USA puts very active foreign policies into practice for energy security. Similarly EU creates some projects to secure energy for Europe. IEA puts minimum requirement such as 90 days oil stocks to prevent possible effects of oil crisis for members. Turkey seems to be a non self-sufficient country in respect to oil and natural gas according the recent data and has to import growing energy demand from other countries. Therefore, energy security should be the main problem in Turkey's energy policies. But there are some problems for securing energy in reality. Especially Turkey has diversification problems for natural gas unlike oil. Turkey has no storage facility for natural gas and also didn't perform to lay minimum 90 days oil stock down as a necessary condition of IEA up to now. Finally we can say that Turkey will live serious energy security problems if it faces with any shortage in oil or natural gas.
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Energy supply security is one of the most debated issues in the energy sector in recent years. Although there is no clear agreed definition of energy supply security, there are determinations that energy should be cheap, sustainable, continuous, and available in order to ensure energy supply security. The wars and political instabilities in the region where Turkey is located have caused the issue of energy supply security to gain importance in recent years. Therefore, Turkey continues to work in areas such as oil and natural gas exploration and production, coal extraction, increasing renewable energy supply, ensuring energy efficiency, and nuclear power generation to ensure energy supply security. However, although these methods such as oil and natural gas exploration and production are useful in terms of energy supply security, they increase Turkey's fossil fuel dependency and this situation weakens Turkey's efforts to combat climate change, which is one of Turkey's goals. In this study, the impact of coal, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy production on energy dependence, which is among the most important causes of energy supply security, between 1987-2020 is analyzed by the ARDL cointegration test method. In addition, the empirical analysis is concluded by using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test to observe the causality relationship between the variables. The findings of the analysis lead to the conclusion that Turkey's domestic energy production should be restructured according to environmental priorities.
Turkey and EU Energy Security (Analysis), 2010
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Concern about the security of energy supplies began with the oil crises of the 1970s. More recent events, namely the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Gulf Wars, and the attacks of September 11, 2001, have changed the shape of such fears. They have made energy security an important item on the national security agendas of many countries. Energy security has become synonymous with national and economic security.
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Energy security is a fuzzy concept that has traditionally been used to justify state control over energy and a reluctance to deal with energy issues at global level. However, over time, the concept is acquiring different meanings that are applicable at different levels of governance. Many of the elements of the new definitions also imply a number of inherent contradictions. It argues that within developing countries, energy security implies both access to modern energy services by the poorest aswell as access by the rapidly developing industrial, services, and urban sectors. Lack of adequate resources has implied trade-offs in terms ofwhogets access and in terms of taking into account the social and ecological consequences of specific energy sources. Furthermore, the growing developing country’s need for energy is impacted by industrialized country perceptions of the various dimensions of energy security. The development of reliable, continuous, affordable, and environmentally sound...
Energy Supply Security and Renewable Energy Policies in Turkey
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As a result of Turkey’s geopolitical position and its related requirements, energy is one of the fi elds where innovation is to be speeded up. However, as a natural consequence of unplanned and incorrect energy policies, Turkey’s rate of dependency on energy has reached 72%. Since the need for energy is increasingly growing, especially as a result of the manufacturing industry in Turkey, and a large part of the consumed energy is imported, dependency seems to continue to increase. Toward this end, this article focuses on studies related to reducing external dependency on energy, while also reviewing and discussing literature survey methodology and making policy recommendations concerning energy supply security. Renewable energy has been attached great importance worldwide as well as nationwide because of providing a reliable energy source that meets economic and environmental requirements. In order to meet the increasing electricity needs of Turkey as a developing country the number...
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Energy security is currently one of the priorities in governmental agendas, particularly for fast-growing economies such as Turkey. These economies which typically depend on energy-intense industrial production require a consistent, reliable supply of energy to support their economic development, especially the ones with limited indigenous energy resources. As the Industrial sector plays a major role in energy demand, the successful implementation of energy security strategy also depends on the cooperation of intensive energy consuming industrial companies. Therefore, this paper investigates the interrelationship between Turkish industry's perspective and government's energy security strategy papers, providing a case with the potential to enlighten the process. It also aims to gain insight into the industry sector's view of the energy security in this context, through a qualitative inquiry. An analysis of resulting concepts, and the interaction and interrelation among these enable the development of a Turkish energy security framework based on the views of industrial sector. In addition, a set of policy recommendations are developed following this framework. This study also identifies possible areas of discrepancies between industry and government perceptions, and thus, potentially promoting levels of interaction and understanding between the two key parties.