Strategies of Translation (original) (raw)

Strategies of Literary Translation

Literary translation includes a wide range of activities that deal not only with fiction or poetry but also with popular science essays, newspaper articles, diaries, memoirs, etc. These different kinds of texts presuppose different strategies and criteria of translation processing. The unified approach is to consider them integrally as nonstrictly determined translation opposed to strictly determined documentary translation. The difference between the two manifests itself mainly in the proportion of overt and covert regulations and criteria for the choice of equivalents. Literary translation is a covertly regulated process, which is connected with a number of complications, i.e. personal nature of texts under translation (authorship); unspecified audience; interlingual and intercultural inequality; and some others. The lack of systemic criteria determines the use of intuitive choices, such as observer-, helper- or enlightener-strategy. Keywords: literary translation, covertly regulated translation, interlingual inequality, measure of authorship, biased and unbiased strategies, types of literary information.

Translation Strategies, Methods and Techniques: In Pursuit of Translation Adequacy

RESEARCH TRENDS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

The present paper examines the ways of achieving adequacy in translation. The aim of the study is to define and describe the options that the different translators choose while rendering the message of the same source text (ST) and to establish the translation adequacy conditions. The translators’ options are considered in terms of the techniques employed to achieve equivalence between the textual micro units of the original and those of the target text (TT). It is argued that the choice of the translation techniques is determined by the global translation strategy which is seen as a translator’s action plan to reach the functional identification between the ST and TT. In the course of translating the corresponding techniques are used by the translators to fit the local strategies which necessitate the specific ways of dealing with translation challenges. In order to identify formal, semantic and communicative features of the translators’ options we set out the specific task of expl...

TRANSLATION THEORIES

2017

Translation process is an irreplaceable activity which brings societies and individuals together and which helps them have dialogue and communicate with each other. It dates back as far as the beginning of the history of mankind. Through this historical period inter-communal communication has gradually grown and translation process has developed and become a field of science. As translation science is based on a broad historical process, we need to mention quite a lot of factors when defining the term of translation process. Translation science is a discipline which studies the translation process and the text produced as a result of this process with all its details. According to Anton Popovic (1987), translation theory is a science which studies the systemic examination of translation and its task is to structure the translation process and the text. Similarly, Peter Newmark (1981) defines translation theory as a body of information related to translation process. By the second half of the 20th century the prevailing opinion was that morphological properties of texts should be given particular attention and artistic influences of written texts may not be conveyed to the target recipient with full correctness and therefore source text oriented linguistic approaches were adopted. In this approach the criteria is the source text. With this understanding, translator makes translation depending on the source text, which means depending only on the words without looking to the general text. In source text oriented translation, target culture reader is not expected to be as much influenced as the source culture reader. Translator depending on the source text deals with the text within the discourse facilities in his own language or may present the text with a different form of expression which is unfamiliar to the reader of his mother tongue. Given the fast growing globalization and accordingly, rapidly increasing communication facilities, international relations, increasing interest of men in other cultures, source language oriented approaches were replaced with target language oriented approaches. In this new approach the general text is of more importance than the words. The goal is not translating the words but being able to convey the main idea of the text in the source language to the target recipient. In target language oriented approach, target culture reader is expected to get influenced from the text as much as the source culture reader. The studies up to now examine various aspects of translation process. Quite a number of dignified scientists in this field mention that translation is a very complicated process and it has pragmatic and communicational dimensions. In our study we are 

Comparative Translation - MASHRUR Presentation Draft.pdf

This paper offers a critical survey of comparative translation. Relatively less approached an area in Comparative Literature and Translation Studies as well, comparative translation has gained currency in the last decade due to three reasons: first, our Internet-influenced increasing encounter with cultural diversities; second, the commercial potentialities that translation activities including interpreting and Machine Translation cover; and, third, the emergence of decolonial/postcolonial perspectives that expose and subvert the dominance of a couple of European languages in the planetary translation activities. By isolating two trends in Comparative Translation Studies (CTS) – the ‘postcolonial’ and the ‘imaginarian’ – and locating its three major tenets of, the paper adopts comparative methods in addressing three issues related to comparative translation. The first section demonstrates how Comparative Translation Studies can offer useful insight into the ways different translations/interpretations of the same audio or audiovisual Source Text – e.g. interpreting, subtitles in a film, voiceover in a TV series – communicate differently to the audience, causing differing, even dangerous consequences. The second section addresses the major thrust of Comparative Translation – i.e. comparing different modes or types of translation, and comparing translations of a single text, preferably a classic. It also samples how creative translations of the classics, say, Don Quixote and Hamlet, differ from the textbook translations and mass-market translations of the same text. The third section, divided into three subsections, broaches the politico-lingual domination evident in translation and Translation Studies. First, it explores how “nativizing” and “foreigninzing” of a single text, translated from a non-European language to a European language, by two translators involve more than the relevance issue: it may implicate racist and colonial perspectives. Second, it locates the domination of European theories of translation in Translation Studies and explores if exposure to non-European (e.g. Arabic and Chinese) translation theories can be proved beneficial. Third, it investigates the Anglocentric and Eurocentric epistemological, linguistic, and market hierarchy in translation activities and studies. For example, a 2009 UNESCO repot on cultural diversity claims that 75% of total books in the world are translated from three languages; English, being the language of 55% of all books translated, tops the chart. Addressing these issues, the paper contends that Comparative Translation Studies advocates rebabelization of the world. What is needed un this age of globalization and multiculturalism is making the Eurocentric translation flow balanced and participatory – no absolute dominance of one or two languages, no deletion of the ‘minority’ languages. It is a rebabelized world – a world of many yet communicative and understanding.

Strategy and Tactics of Translating Special Texts

2012

The article highlights the strategy and tactics of translating a special text on the basis of the communicative-functional approach to translation. Definitions of such key notions as a translations strategy, a translation tactic, a translation operation, a special text are given and tactics of translating a special text are explained.