Nutrition and health in women, children, and adolescent girls (original) (raw)
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World Health Organization/ …, 2000
Concern for nutrition in adolescence has been rather limited, except in relation to pregnancy. This paper reviews adolescent-specific nutritional problems, and discusses priority issues for the health sector, particularly in developing countries. Chronic malnutrition in earlier years is responsible for widespread stunting and adverse consequences at adolescence in many areas, but it is best prevented in childhood. Iron deficiency and anaemia are the main problem of adolescents world-wide; other micronutrient deficiencies may also affect adolescent girls. Improving their nutrition before they enter pregnancy (and delaying it), could help to reduce maternal and infant mortality, and contribute to break the vicious cycle of intergenerational malnutrition, poverty, and even chronic disease. Food-based and health approaches will oftentimes need to be complemented by micronutrient supplementation using various channels. Promoting healthy eating and lifestyles among adolescents, particularly through the urban school system, is critical to halt the rapid progression of obesity and other nutritionrelated chronic disease risks. There are pressing research needs, notably to develop adolescent-specific anthropometric reference data, to better document adolescents' nutritional and micronutrient status, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of multinutrient dietary improvement (or supplements) in adolescent girls. Our view is that specific policies are needed at country level for adolescent nutrition, but not specific programmes.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2017
Adolescent nutritional behaviors are assuming considerable importance in nutrition interventions given their important relationships with medium- and long-term outcomes. This is the period when young people undergo major anatomical and physiological maturational changes in preparation for adulthood. Nutritional requirements during puberty are higher during adolescence than during the prepubertal stage and during adulthood. A significant proportion of adolescents also become parents, and hence the importance of their health and nutritional status before as well as during pregnancy has its impact on their own health, fetal well-being, and newborn health. In this paper, we describe the evidence-based nutrition recommendations and the current global guidance for nutrition actions for adolescents. Despite the limitations of available information, we believe that a range of interventions are feasible to address outcomes in this age group, although some would need to start earlier in child...
Nutrients, 2018
In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) the double burden of malnutrition is high among adolescent girls, leading to poor health outcomes for the adolescent herself and sustained intergenerational effects. This underpins the importance of adequate dietary intake during this period of rapid biological development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current dietary intake and practices among adolescent girls (10–19 years) in LMICs. We searched relevant databases and grey literature using MeSH terms and keywords. After applying specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, 227 articles were selected for data extraction, synthesis, and quality assessment. Of the included studies, 59% were conducted in urban populations, 78% in school settings, and dietary measures and indicators were inconsistent. Mean energy intake was lower in rural settings (1621 ± 312 kcal/day) compared to urban settings (1906 ± 507 kcal/day). Self-reported daily consumption of nutritious ...
Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2019
BACKGROUND 1.1 | The problem, condition or issue Adolescents (10 to 19 years) currently represent the largest global generation of young people in our collective history (United Nations, 2015). The regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean are the home of 1.1 billion young persons (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2017). In sub-Saharan Africa, people below the age of 25 make up 62% of the population, with only marginal declines predicted through 2050 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2019). The working age population (25 to 64 years) in sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, and parts of Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean is growing faster than all other age groups (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2019). Ensuring the health and well-being of adolescents who will fill the ranks of the world's working age population will help to propel global economic growth and development (Patton et al., 2016). Adolescence is a period of significant physiological change that includes marked skeletal growth, increased bone mass, and fundamental neurological development (Das et al., 2017; Patton et al., 2016). Proper nutrition during adolescence is crucial for optimal growth and development and helps to prepare adolescents for adulthood. However, many adolescents face challenges in achieving optimal dietary intake, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the majority of adolescents reside (WHO, 2014). Iron-deficiency anemia affects 430.7 million (24%) adolescents, with 77% of adolescents living with anaemia in multiburden countries where communicable, maternal, and nutritional conditions contribute to 2,500 disability adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) or more per 100,000 adolescents (Azzopardi et al., 2019). The prevalence of anaemia is consistently higher for females than males, and is more than 50% for females in Bhutan, Yemen, India, and Burkina Faso in 2016 (Azzopardi et al., 2019). Mean BMI (body mass index) and the prevalence of obesity are also rising among children and adolescents
Nutrient Intake Amongst Rural Adolescent Girls of Wardha
Indian J Community Med. 2010 Jul; 35(3): 400–402., 2010
Objective: To assess the nutrient intake of rural adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried in four adopted villages of the Department of Community Medicine, M.G.I.M.S., Sewagram. A household survey was carried out in the villages. A list of all the adolescent girls in the age group of 10-19 years was prepared by enumeration through house-to-house visit. All adolescent girls were included in the study. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and anthropometric variables. A 24 h recall method was used to assess nutrient intake. Data generated was entered and analyzed using epi_info 2000. Nutrient intake was compared with ICMR Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI for age. Results: The mean height of the adolescent girls was 142.9 cm. Overall, 57% of the adolescents were thin (BMI for th th th age <5 percentile for CDC 2000 reference) and 43% of the adolescents were normal (BMI for age between 5 – 85 percentile for CDC 2000 reference). The average energy intake, which was 1239.6±176.4 kcal/day, was deficient of RDA by 39%. The average protein intake was 39.5±7 gm/day. It was deficient by 36% and the average iron intake, which was 13.2±2.5 mg/day, was deficient by 48%. Conclusions: The findings reiterate the dietary deficiency among adolescent girls which adversely affects the nutritional status. If the poor nutritional status is not corrected promptly before they become pregnant, it adversely affects the reproductive outcome. If we have to meet out the goals of Reproductive and Child Health Program, intervention strategies to improve the dietary intake of adolescent girls are needed so that their requirements of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals are met. Keywords: BMI, calorie, dietary recall, iron, protein
Need and Availability of Nutrients for Adolescent Girls
Khulna University Studies
A total of 152 adolescent girls were studied using a standard questionnaire to find out their nutritional needs and availability. Average age of the subjects was 15.05±1.13 yrs. Mean age at menarche was 12.33±1.11 years. Protein rich food such as fish, meat, egg, pulse, groundnut, soybean, and different seeds were scantly in their daily diet. Vitamins and minerals containing foods such as vegetables, egg, milk and fruits were not consumed for last 24 hours by 40.48%, 69.48% and 70.0% of adolescent girls respectively. Carbohydrate containing foods were chosen by 32% of girls. About 52% of girls liked to consume protein-containing foods. Mineral and vitamin containing foods were chosen by 42% of girls. Colocasia leaves, Amaranths leaves (red) and pumpkin were liked to consume by 13%, 11.48% and 19.74% of adolescent girls. Amalaki, sour fruit and pine Apple were disliked by only 4.61%, 3.95% and 3.29% of girls. The average total food intake was 704.26 g. Which is less by 29% of the RDA...
Nutrition and Health, 2017
Background: Breakfast is considered the first and most important meal of the day. Missing the first meal may result in significant nutritional deficits, if not compensated in subsequent meals. Aim: To describe the nutrient intake through breakfast and to study its association with nutritional indicators among adolescent girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study among adolescent girls (n ¼ 565) 16-18 years was carried out in urban slums of Pune, Maharashtra, India. Haemoglobin was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Nutritional status was assessed through anthropometry and three 24-hours diet recall. Z scores, independent sample test, and linear logistic regression were used to assess undernutrition, to compare means of nutrient intake and to associate nutrient intake with nutritional status, respectively. Results: Almost 50% did not consume solid food for breakfast and 99% of the participants consumed inadequate breakfast (<610 kcal). Two types of breakfast emerged: I (bakery products þ beverage) and II (traditional breakfast þ beverage). Although the mean energy intake of type II breakfast (235+100.55 kcal) and the mean micronutrient intake was significantly higher than type I (micronutrients: vitamin C and folate (p ¼ 0.001), iron (p ¼ 0.01)) it did not meet the adequacy norms for breakfast. Among nutritional indicators breakfast intake was not directly associated with body mass index. However, mean intake of nutrients such as energy, protein and iron through the day were significantly lesser (p ¼ 0.001, p ¼ 0.01 and p ¼ 0.01 respectively) among anaemic adolescents. Linear regression showed significant association between energy, fat intake and BAZ scores. Conclusions: Compensating dietary deficits that arise in the first meal would directly address the day's nutrient deficit. The results highlight the need for a food-based approach to address undernutrition among adolescent girls in resource-poor settings.