Temple Mountains of Cambodia and the Jain Hill temples of India (original) (raw)
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Temple Mountains of Cambodia and the Jain Hill temples of India Dr Uday Dokras
INAC, 2023
In many ancient religions, mountain tops-from the Greeks' Mt. Olympus to the highest Himalayas of Hindu mythologywere believed to be the privileged home of the gods. Southeast Asia, largely dependent on India for its principal religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, is no exception. On the island of Java in Indonesia, for example, the ancient holy site of Dieng was established in the crater of an extinct volcano. Its name in old Javanese, Di Hyang (in Sanskrit, Devalaya), means, in effect, "home of the Gods.
Temples in Context of Religion and Politics
Following the Cap-Figure in Majapahit Temple Reliefs, 2013
The Javanese temples in general symbolically represent the mythical Mount Meru, the seat of the gods. 1 The ways that this concept was incorporated into an architectural shape differed in Central and East Javanese art. While Central Javanese architecture has a concentric layout, East Javanese architecture displays a terraced and linear layout. 2 The best example for Central Java is the Borobudur. This temple has been interpreted as a mandala, which is a concentric geometric structure. 3 For the East Javanese period it is the Majapahit period which yielded the architectural characteristics in a most conspicuous way. The terraced structure is most obvious in the small-scale mountain sanctuaries, the layout of which follows the linear ascent of the mountain slope, such as Candi Kendalisodo and Candi Yudha on Mount Penanggungan. Most of these sanctuaries consist of a pemujaan, a place for worship, which is built in several terraces. In front or next to this structure there are often one or more small altars. Temple complexes such as Candi Panataran
Proceedings of the International Conference on Rural Studies in Asia (ICoRSIA 2018), 2019
The tradition of Nyadran Gunung Silurah conducted by the Silurah village community in Wonotunggal District, Batang Regency, reaffirms the belief of the Batang community of the Ancient VII-IX century. It is about the existence of the concept of the holy mountain as the center of the universe. In ancient Javanese society, there is a belief that the kingdom of the gods was at the peak of the sacred mountain called Meru/Mahameru. Mountain in the Hindu doctrine is believed to be the main pillar of the world called axis (axis mundi). Mount as a pivot (axis mundi) to the stairs is up to the world of gods located on top of the mountain (Meru/Mahameru). (Meru/Mahameru) as the top of the mountain is where the kingdom of the Gods is located. King of all gods was Indra living the mountain peak, and he is also called the Kaindran. There are archaeological remains in the form of Watu Gajah, and the local community, Gajah Indra in Wonotunggal largest village in Kupang. The term Watu Gajah is called as Gajah Indra, so it is interesting to be further discussed in relation to the role of Mount regarding the religious life of the Ancient Batang community. The magical religious behavior of the ancient Batang community in the VII-IX century that made the mountain as a holy place is also evidenced by the existence of the archaeological remains in the form of Punden Berundak buildings with terraced courtyards as a symbol of the ladder leading to the dwelling place of the gods. Punden Berundak in Silurah, namely Punden Batur and Punden Wali Ajar Pendek are nothing other than Karsyan Patapan where the worshipers perform ritual worship on the mountain as a place for the Gods to dwell.
ANGKOR as a Temple Mountain Featuring list of largest temples in the world
INAC, 2022
ANGKOR as a Temple Mountain Featuring list of largest temples in the world. It is the largest religious monument on the planet. Angkor Wat is spread across over 400 acres / 1.6 km², and is said to be the largest religious monument in the world. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992, which encouraged an international effort to save the complex. Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the templemountain and the later galleried temple. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. ... The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. What makes Angkor Wat special?: Though just one of hundreds of surviving temples and structures, the massive Angkor Wat is the most famed of all Cambodia's templesit appears on the nation's flag-and it is revered for good reason. The 12th century "temple-mountain" was built as a spiritual home for the Hindu god Vishnu What does the Angkor Wat temple represent? All of the original religious motifs derived from Hinduism, and the temple was dedicated to the gods Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu. The five central towers of Angkor Wat symbolize the peaks of Mount Meru, which according to Hindu mythology is the dwelling place of the gods.
The general appearance of the wonder of the temple is beautiful and romantic as well as impressive and grand..."-Frank Vincent, 1872 describing Angkor Wat Khmer people, believed themselves to be descended from the union of an Hindu Brahman and a serpent princess from Cambodia "By restoring Angkor Vat, the Indian team is in fact healing our souls"-Cheng Phon, Cambodia's thenminister of culture-1988-addressing the restoration work done by the Archeological Survey of India
Mandala Comparison of Temples in Cambodia (Bakong ) and Java(Borobudur)
INAC, 2022
Mandala Comparison of Temples in Cambodia (Bakong ) and Java(Borobudur)The Bakong is the earliest surviving Temple Mountain at Angkor. During the Angkorian period, a mountain temple was usually named after a divinity and the king who had built it. Therefore, the Bakong temple was originally named Indreshvara [after the king and the Hindu divinity Shiva]. The Bakong temple is regarded as the first, the model for other mountain temples Name: Bakong Temple (One of the popular temples in the Roluos Group.
The Temple Mountain of Baphuon
Indo Nordic Author's Collective, 2021
In Cambodia, in the classic Khmer architecture of the Angkorean period, we find a temple type in which the sanctuary is built atop a stepped pyramid. Nineteenth century archaeologists called these “temple- mountains.” Each important sovereign was apparently obliged to build one in order to establish his power. Baphuon is one such temple at Angkor, Cambodia. It is located in Angkor Thom, northwest of the Bayon. Built in the mid-11th century, it is a three-tiered temple mountain built as the state temple of Udayadityavarman II dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva. It is the archetype of the Baphuon style with intricate carvings covering every available surface. The temple adjoins the southern enclosure of the royal palace and measures 120 metres east-west by 100 metres north-south at its base and stands 34 meters tall without its tower, which would have made it roughly 50 meters tall. Its appearance apparently impressed Temür Khan's late 13th century envoy Zhou Daguan during his visit from 1296 to 1297, who said it was 'the Tower of Bronze...a truly astonishing spectacle, with more than ten chambers at its base.
Mountains in the Religions of South and Southeast Asia: Place, Culture, and Power
2010
In January 1931, intrigued by a sketch map dated 1903 of Houaphanh Province, within the then-French Protectorate of Laos, on which a local notable had written “cut stones”, the Hanoi-based French archaeologist Madeleine Colani initiated an expedition to Houaphanh’s Muang Peun region, some 100 km northeast of the Plain of Jars, where Colani had undertaken a major archaeological survey two years earlier. Her findings at both sites, including extensive field notes, maps, and photographs, were published by EFEO in 1935, entitled ‘Mégalithes de HautLaos’ (Hua Pan, Tran Nin); the two-volume edition was neither substantively translated into either Lao or English nor subsequently revised or republished. The formal conservation process for the Houaphanh menhirs has now been underway for nearly twenty years, so what has actually been accomplished during this period, and how do the material condition of the landscape and the artefacts compare to the situation between 1999 and 2002 when the aut...
The Unusual Private Temples of Khmer lands
Indo Nordic Authors' Collective, 2022
There are around 4000 temples in Cambodia, out of which most of them are located at Siem Reap, Battambang, Preah Vihar, and Kampong Thom. Most have been built bu Kings but some are built by high officials of the then Government for their family members or as a dedication to a bygone relative. The temples in Cambodia are around 900 years old and till date these temples holds a great importance and reflects the history of the country.
Cambodian Temple Designs The Khmer, officially the Angkor Empire, the predecessor state to modern Cambodia ("Kampuchea"), was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former kingdoms of Funan and Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised most of mainland Southeast Asia and parts of Southern China, stretching from the tip of the Indochinese