Construction of the Traceability for Electrical Power (original) (raw)
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On the remote calibration of electrical energy meters
The measurement of the electrical energy and its billing for tax purpose are of great relevance. In spite of its importance, in the past a scarce attention was given to issues as the calibration and the traceability of the electrical energy meters, so that, at least in Italy, more than 30 millions of energy meters operate and put a tariff without proper metrological characterization. This situation is caused by both the absence of specific laws and the high cost related to the traceability process. In this ambit, a new European Directive on measuring instruments (MID) was introduced in 2004 with the aim of providing a high level of metrological protection in order that any party affected can have confidence in the result of measurement. In Italy the MID was adopted by a legislative decree and imposed that: (i) each active electrical energy meter put into service has to be kept in test for a period for verifying its operating; (ii) after the test period, with positive result, the meter has to be calibrated at least twice in the year. The paper proposes a discussion about the issues of active electrical energy meter calibration and the analysis of requirements of the MID. Finally, the design of a device that may solve the problem of the traceability to national standards in easy and economic way is reported.
This paper describes the methodology used to achieve the AC voltage traceability and the associated uncertainty in National Institute for Standards (NIS), Egypt via the capabilities of National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. The methodology includes the use of the thermal voltage converters (TVCs) and micropotentiometers (µPots) via a new automated calibration system for determination of the AC-DC Differences at different frequencies. To confirm the results of this process, a bilateral comparison with NIST was organized through a set of (TVCs) to cover the range from 1 V to 200 V at frequencies of 55 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 200 kHz. The comparison results associated with the uncertainty analysis are also discussed in this paper. For low values of AC voltage, new three µPots were fabricated at NIST to establish the traceability from 50 mV to 200 mV at frequencies from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The converters used in this work are also modeled then simulated using LT-spice/SwCAD III simulator.
Extension of the IEN traceability for ac voltages below 200 mv
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2003
This paper describes the system, the standards, and the procedures developed at the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris for the extension of traceability to low voltage ranges down to 1 mV. Specific new features are the technique for the generation of low voltage, the procedures for building the traceability down to 1 mV, and the method for the evaluation of the load correction based on perturbations with known admittances.
EMPIR project TracePQM: Traceability routes for electrical power quality measurements
2017
Increasing demand for traceable, accurate measurements of power and power quality (PQ) parameters has resulted in an intensive metrology research effort in this area. This paper describes the objectives and activities of EMPIR project 15RPT04 TracePQM, jointly funded by the European Union and the participating countries. The overall goal of this project is to develop and validate a modular, well documented metrology grade system for the measurement of power and PQ parameters using digital sampling techniques. The first results of the research project, including the description of the system design, the software structure, results of the stability tests on wideband digitizers, and the acquisition of extended waveform records using a digitizing multimeter are presented.
Power Quality Measurements – the Importance of Traceable Calibration
Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Journal, 2013
Standardization has contributed significantly to comparable analysis methods for power quality parameters. However, in order to have undisputable results, the measurement values themselves should also be comparable. This can only be achieved by traceability to international measurement standards. For this reason, at VSL, the Dutch national metrology institute, a fully traceable reference setup was developed for calibration of power quality analyzers. In this paper, we show the calibration results of the critical components of the reference setup, we demonstrate its applicability by test measurements on the public low-voltage supply system for specific parameters, and show its ability to simulate and generate events that can be detected and analyzed by both the equipment under test and the reference setup.
Aspects of metrological calibration of power quality analyzers
2013 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ATEE), 2013
This paper presents some aspects of power analyzers utilization, related with your calibration by metrological laboratory. The full metrological characterization of power analyzers is a difficult technical process because the specifications in related standard are minimal. After a short presentation of parameters and measurement methods recommended by the important standards in the field of power quality, CEI EN 50160 and CEI EN 61000-4030, study of uncertainty propagation related to test calibration, this document describes the instruments configuration and evaluation of measurement errors and uncertainties for one parameter, voltage in sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal regime.
Good Practice Guide on traceability of digital dynamic measurements of AC voltage and current
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2022
This Good Practice Guide is intended for both National and Industrial Metrology Laboratories who wish to invest in the development of a quantum standard for alternating voltage based on the Josephson effect. Dynamic electrical measurements are critical in many applications where the RMS (root mean square) value of an electrical signal does not provide the required information and the signal needs to be sampled and processed. At present, NMIs and calibration laboratories provide traceability with high accuracy using thermal converters, but this is limited to AC magnitudes deduced from RMS values. Therefore, the most accurate commercial calibration equipment is also limited to RMS values. Several research projects have developed AC quantum standards to provide traceability for dynamic measurements within some European NMIs. It is now necessary to establish the traceability chain for dynamic electrical measurements to a wider group of NMIs and calibration laboratories. The text in the Guide is supported by a comprehensive list of references to material already published in scientific literature.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Increasing demands for traceable, accurate measurements of power and power quality (PQ) parameters have resulted in an intensive metrology research effort in this area. This paper describes the objectives and so far achieved results of the EURAMET EMPIR Project TracePQM (15RPT04), jointly founded by the European Union and the participating countries. The overall goal of this project is to develop an open, modular, and well documented metrology grade system for measurement of power and PQ parameters by means of digital sampling techniques available to everyone and to increase research capacity in this area.
Use of integrative analog-to-digital converters for high-precision measurement of electrical power
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2001
A new method for the precise measurement of electrical power at the primary level, which utilizes two synchronized integrating analog-to-digital converters (IADCs), has been developed at Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale "Galileo Ferraris," (IEN). The parameters of voltage and current are computed from the acquired samples by means of a proper procedure and with suitable corrective terms. The uncertainties are significantly reduced and the measurement of power at power frequencies can be performed with high precision, even when the power factor approaches zero.
Testi G of e Ergy Meters U Der Three-Phase Determi Ed a D Ra Dom O Si Usoidal Co Ditio S
Electric energy meters are designed to account energy under sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal conditions, because both, old and new standards for energy meters require testing their accuracy under different conditions. The latest EN 50470 standard increases the range of meter testing under nonsinusoidal conditions, introducing new shapes of test signals such as the phase fired waveform or the burst fired waveform. This paper discusses calibration problems of electronic revenue energy meters for direct connection and for connection through current transformers, and it proposes a new calibration procedure which reproduces normal operating conditions better: three-phase configurations of measurement systems, load range during meter testing or shapes of test signals. Recently, modern Electrical Power Standards, also known as Power Calibrators, enable automatic testing of various types of electrical devices, including electricity meters in their normal operating conditions. This article prese...