A New Characterization of Hardware Trojans (original) (raw)

Hardware Trojan Model For Attack And Detection Techniques

Today's integrated circuits (ICs) are vulnerable to hardware Trojans, which are malicious alterations to the circuit, either during design or fabrication. The interventions of human in production of Hardware resources have given room for possible modification of hardware components, so as to achieve some malicious aims. This modification help with possible loop holes in the hardware component for later attack. Due to the increase in popularity aim of attacks using embedded Trojan horse programs into chips, attacker are more likely to suppress them with malicious program, also notwithstanding the increase in disintegration of the design and manufacturing process of our microelectronic products (ICs), we should not only concern about inclusion of unplanned, undesirable hardware features (" bugs "), rather about inclusion of planned malicious hardware features: " Trojan Horses, " which act as spies or guerrillas. This paper presents a Model of the fundamental attacks and possible detection techniques of Hardware Trojan. The result of the research has shown a great significance in education and for further researches.

Hardware Trojan Attacks: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2014

| Security of a computer system has been traditionally related to the security of the software or the information being processed. The underlying hardware used for information processing has been considered trusted. The emergence of hardware Trojan attacks violates this root of trust. These attacks, in the form of malicious modifications of electronic hardware at different stages of its life cycle, pose major security concerns in the electronics industry. An adversary can mount such an attack with an objective to cause operational failure or to leak secret information from inside a chipVe.g., the key in a cryptographic chip, during field operation. Global economic trend that encourages increased reliance on untrusted entities in the hardware design and fabrication process is rapidly enhancing the vulnerability to such attacks. In this paper, we analyze the threat of hardware Trojan attacks; present attack models, types, and scenarios; discuss different forms of protection approaches, both proactive and reactive; and describe emerging attack modes, defenses, and future research pathways.

Hardware Trojan: Threats and emerging solutions

High Level Design …, 2009

Malicious modification of hardware during design or fabrication has emerged as a major security concern. Such tampering (also referred to as Hardware Trojan) causes an integrated circuit (IC) to have altered functional behavior, potentially with disastrous consequences in safety-critical applications. Conventional design-time verification and post-manufacturing testing cannot be readily extended to detect hardware Trojans due to their stealthy nature, inordinately large number of possible instances and large variety in structure and operating mode. In this paper, we analyze the threat posed by hardware Trojans and the methods of deterring them. We present a Trojan taxonomy, models of Trojan operations and a review of the state-of-the-art Trojan prevention and detection techniques. Next, we discuss the major challenges associated with this security concern and future research needs to address them.

Hardware Trojan Identification and Detection

International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security, 2017

The majority of techniques developed to detect hardware trojans are based on specific attributes. Further, the ad hoc approaches employed to design methods for trojan detection are largely ineffective. Hardware trojans have a number of attributes which can be used to systematically develop detection techniques. Based on this concept, a detailed examination of current trojan detection techniques and the characteristics of existing hardware trojans is presented. This is used to develop a new approach to hardware trojan identification and classification. This identification can be used to compare trojan risk or severity and trojan detection effectiveness. Identification vectors are generated for each hardware trojan and trojan detection technique based on the corresponding attributes. Vectors are also defined which represent trojan risk or severity and trojan detection effectiveness.

A Survey on Integrated Circuit Trojans

Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2021

Traditionally, computer security has been associated with the software security, or the information-data security. Surprisingly, the hardware on which the software executes or the information stored-processed-transmitted has been assumed to be a trusted base of security. The main building blocks of any electronic device are Integrated circuits (ICs) which form the fabric of a computer system. Lately, the use of ICs has expanded from handheld calculators and personal computers (PCs) to smartphones, servers, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. However, this significant growth in the IC market created intense competition among IC vendors, leading to new trends in IC manufacturing. System-on-chip (SoC) design based on intellectual property (IP), a globally spread supply chain of production and distribution of ICs are the foremost of these trends. The emerging trends have resulted in many security and trust weaknesses and vulnerabilities, in computer systems. This includes Hardware Trojans attacks, side-channel attacks, Reverse-engineering, IP piracy, IC counterfeiting, micro probing, physical tampering, and acquisition of private or valuable assets by debugging and testing. IC security and trust vulnerabilities may cause loss of private information, modified/altered functions, which may cause a great economical hazard and big damage to society. Thus, it is crucial to examine the security and trust threats existing in the IC lifecycle and build defense mechanisms against IC Trojan threats. In this article, we examine the IC supply chain and define the possible IC Trojan threats for the parties involved. Then we survey the latest progress of research in the area of countermeasures against the IC Trojan attacks and discuss the challenges and expectations in this area.

Towards a Hardware Trojan Detection Methodology

Malicious hardware is a realistic threat. It can be possible to insert the malicious functionality on a device as deep as in the hardware design flow, long before manufacturing the silicon product. Towards developing a hardware Trojan horse detection methodology, we analyze capabilities and limitations of existing techniques, framing a testing strategy for uncovering efficiently hardware Trojan horses in mass-produced integrated circuits.

Survey of Recent Developments for Hardware Trojan Detection

2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2021

The outsourcing of the design and manufacturing of Integrated Circuits (ICs) poses a severe threat to our critical infrastructures as an adversary can exploit them by bypassing the security features by activating a hardware Trojan. These malicious modifications in the design introduced at an untrusted fabrication site can virtually leak any secret information from a secure system to an adversary. This paper discusses all three different hardware Trojan models, such as combinational, sequential, and analog Trojans. We provide a survey of the recent advancements in Trojan detection techniques classified based on their applicability to different Trojans types. We describe a practical approach recently developed using the characterization of Electro-Optical Frequency Mapping (EOFM) images of the chip to detect a hardware Trojan by identifying malicious state elements. This survey also presents open problems with Trojan detection and suggests future research directions in hardware Trojan detection.

An Automated Tool for Evaluating Hardware Trojans and Detection Methods

2016

The growing concern for hardware security has spawned numerous trojan detection methods. Due to the complexity of integrated circuits (ICs), detection methods developed thus far have only been successful for specific trojans. This makes it difficult to compare hardware trojans and the performance of detection methods. In this paper, a systematic and automated approach to analyzing the characteristics of trojans and detection methods is presented. Universal adoption of the techniques in this system will aid in collaboration and standardization in the field. It will also provide a centralized database of existing hardware trojans and detection methods. A discussion of the automated tool design is given including a case study to demonstrate its usefulness.

Design, Implementation and Detection of Hardware Trojans in Sequential systems

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019

For decades, digital systems have been designed based on assumptions that the underlying hardware, though not perfectly reliable, is free of malicious elements. The demand for IC’s is greatly increasing due to tremendous technological development. Without appropriate resources the companies are hard pressed to produce trusted IC’s. This is driving the companies into the ‘fabless’ trend predominant in semi-conductor industry, where the companies are depending on cheaper foundries for the IC fabrication instead of depending on their own resources. This growth brings with it a big rise in threat level in terms of Hardware Trojans that hits the manufacturing companies which make use of Integrated Circuits. This transcends many industries, including strategic organizations and telecommunication companies, mobile phones and computers, embedded systems used in domestic applications and health care equipment. These adversarial inclusions are generally triggered to do malicious modifications...

Hardware trojans and smart manufacturing – a hardware security perspective

2018

Integrated Circuits (ICs) are the cardinal elements of modern electrical, electronic and electro-mechanical systems. Amid global outsourcing of ICs’ design and fabrication and their growing applications in smart manufacturing or Industrie 4.0, various hardware security threats and issues of trust have also emerged. IC piracy, counterfeiting, and hardware Trojans (HTs) are some of the key hardware threats that merit the attention of manufacturing community. It is worth noting that the lower abstraction levels (ICs) are falsely assumed to operate securely. The proposition, therefore, is that if an operating system (higher abstraction level) is considered to be secure while operating on a compromised IC (lower abstraction level), would it be prudent to regard this implementation as secure? The purpose of this paper is to highlight IC level threats with an emphasis on hardware Trojans that pose a significant threat to smart manufacturing environment in the wake of Industrial Internet of...