The effect of partial replacement of carbon black by carbon nanotubes on the properties of natural rubber/butadiene rubber compound (original) (raw)
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Applied Nanoscience, 2018
Dry friction and wear properties of natural rubber (NR), containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon black (CB), were investigated. Natural rubber (NR)-based composites containing all common additives and curatives, and a fixed amount (30 phr-parts per 100 rubber by weight) of hybrid fillers (MWCNT + CB) were prepared by simple mixing procedure and tested. The main goal was to study the behaviours of composites at different tribological
Advances in Polymer Technology, 2014
Properties of natural rubber (NR) filled with various fillers, i.e., furnace black (N330), conductive carbon black (XE2-B), and carbon nanotube (CNT) were investigated. Both untreated and sonicated carbon nanotubes were used and designated as U-CNT and S-CNT, respectively. The filler content was varied from 0 to 8 phr. Regardless of the filler type, the increase in the filler content not only results in increased compound viscosity, reduced cure time, and enhanced cross-link density but also leads to the increase in the modulus and hardness of the vulcanizates. For N330 and XE2-B, the tensile strength increases continuously with increasing filler content. However, for both U-CNT and S-CNT, the tensile strength tends to increase with increasing filler content up to 2 phr and decreases noticeably afterward. At any given filler content, the CNTs give the vulcanizates with the highest values of electrical and thermal conductivities, storage modulus, and tan δ, followed by XE2-B and N330, respectively. Results also elucidate that the sonication of CNT without the presence of surfactant prior to mixing could not improve the degree of CNT dispersion, leading to insignificant difference in properties of the U-CNT-filled and S-CNT-filled vulcanizates. C
Polymer Engineering and Science, 2019
Styrene-butadiene rubber compounds reinforced with commercial multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in amounts between 0.5 and 10 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) were mixed in a two-roll mill. A compound with 40 phr of carbon black (CB) was prepared as reference. From rheometric curves at five different temperatures (between 140 C and 180 C), a similar maximum torque and vulcanization time values in the samples reinforced with 10 phr of MWCNT and 40 phr of CB were obtained. The Kamal-Sourour model was used to analyze the influence of the MWCNT content and the vulcanization temperature on the cure rate and induction time. Then, through an Arrhenius plot, it became evident the effect of the reinforcement content on the activation energy of the vulcanization process. Mechanical properties of normalized sheets vulcanized at 160 C indicate that content between 5 and 10 phr of MWCNT are enough to reach a similar performance to that sample with 40 phr of CB. SEM analysis exhibits a good dispersion of MWCNT. Swelling experiments point out a similar absorption degree of toluene in the compounds with 5 phr of MWCNT and 40 phr of CB. POLYM. ENG.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012
Recent attempts toward improving the properties of natural rubber (NR) by using carbon nanotubes (CNT) as filler were not successful due to low dispersion of CNT in NR. This article reports the results of studies on improvement of dispersion of CNT in NR by acid modification of CNT surface. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of COOH groups on the CNT surface. On the basis of results of studies on using differential scanning calorimetry, universal testing machine, dynamic mechanical tester, thermogravimetric analysis, electrical properties, and transmission electron microscopy, it is concluded that acid modification of CNT leads to improvement in thermal stability, stress-strain, and dynamic mechanical properties. V
A Review of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Journal of Rubber Research
The original form of Natural Rubber (NR) has limited usage despite its excellent elasticity and reversible deformability. Further improvement of its undesired properties, i.e. low hardness, durability and tear resistance will allow for application ofNR on a broader scale. Traditional reinforcing materials such as carbon black have indicated improvement in NRbased composites. However, the increasing range of newly emerging applications comprising polymeric composites motivates researchers to focus on developing NR-based composites with better physical properties. Many nanoscale fillers have been widely researched to attain extraordinary properties in NR based products. Among the different nanostructures, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely examinedfor NR modification.Addition of a tiny amount of well-dispersed CNTs to NR allows for significant improvements in physical properties of NR. Preparing nanocomposites comprising CNTs and other types offillers also demonstrates enhancement ofNR properties. Besides improvements in mechanical properties, the presence of CNTs considerably improves other properties of NR, such as thermal stability as well as electrical and thermal conductivity. However, owing to interactions between individual CNTs as well as CNTs and other components (NR or other fillers), property improvement varies depending on the type of fillers and their ratio in NR. This review summarises the reported processing conditions and property improvements in NR reinforced with CNTs as a solefiller or with other additive fillers. This paper will help to better understand the status of research on developing an NRlCNT nanocomposite and discover challenges and obstacles that need to be resolved
Influence of Modified Natural Rubber on Properties of Natural Rubber–Carbon Nanotube Composites
Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 2015
Carbon nanotube (CNT)–filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Various types of NR, including unmodified NR, epoxidized NR (ENR), and maleated NR (MNR), were used. The chemical reactions between rubber molecules and functional groups on the CNT surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cure characteristics, tensile properties, relaxation behavior, and electrical conductivity of the various gum rubbers and the CNT-filled rubber composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of CNTs significantly affected the composite properties. This is due not only to the excellent properties of the CNT itself but also to the physical and chemical interactions between modified rubber molecules and CNT surfaces. On comparison between the three types of NR, it was observed that the ENR-CNT composite showed the highest values of delta torque, tensile strength, and initial r...
Polymer, 2014
Because of the exceptionally high modulus and aspect ratios of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), there has been much interest in using them as reinforcing agents for polymer composites. However, the commercial implementation of such nanocomposites has generally met with very limited success owing to poor dispersion of the MWCNT in the polymer matrix. A strategy that overcomes many of these difficulties is described here with a view towards incorporating MWCNT with carbon black or silica for improved elastomer performance in such applications as tires. Key issues are control of the MWCNT surface functionality for proper individual tube dispersion, their aspect ratio for a balance of mechanical performance versus melt processability and an appropriate masterbatch concentration for ease of further formulation by rubber goods manufacturers. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), commonly used as a tread stock for tires, is employed here as the matrix for creation of a masterbatch with oxidized MWCNT (12.3 e15 wt.%). Masterbatch rheology is necessary to understand how to achieve good dispersion and conformation of the MWCNT in the final product. Rheological characterization of the masterbatch nanocomposites and their dilutions over shear rate ranges relevant for processing will be described. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) investigations have revealed that this process produces good dispersion of the MWCNT's in the SBR matrix. The distribution of diameters, contour lengths, and end-to-end distances of the MWCNT in these formulations has also been determined. Effective tube aspect ratios for the nanocomposites with various MWCNT loadings were estimated by analysis of the rheological data for uncured specimens and the dynamic mechanical properties of cured composites using the GutheGoldeSmallwood theory. These materials do not show a high level of electrical conductivity as might be expected from a percolation concept, signifying excellent tube dispersion and formation of a bound rubber layer on the discrete MWCNT.
Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofibers for Natural Rubber Applications
2009
Nanomaterials are well known to be used as reinforcing fillers. With its high surface area, addition of small amount of nanomaterials in the polymer matrix would increase the strength of the composite material. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibers (CFs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs) are among the nanomaterials that are commonly used as fillers to improve the mechanical properties. These nanomaterials have excellent mechanical and thermal characteristics. The good characteristics of natural rubber such as heat built up, hysteresis, impact, and tensile strength, flexing and damping capability on service were expected to be enhanced when added with nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes. The other method used to synthesize nanomaterials are based on laser ablation and arc discharge which limit the production size and produces a large amount of impurities. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) was selected to encounter the problems mentioned. However, the most common problem faced in the production of nanocomposites is the blending of the matrix with the nanomaterial. This research project aims to find the suitable method to incorporate different nanomaterials with the natural rubber matrix. CNTs, CFs and CNFs were synthesized using the Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor
Journal of Composite Materials, 2017
In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of natural rubber nanocomposites filled with poly (methyl methacrylate) grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube. The use of various filler loadings (1, 2, 3, and 5 wt %) and melt blending method was employed. From the results, nanocomposite with 1 phr filler loading showed the optimal tensile strength of 4.92 MaP, while that of the carbon black N330 filled natural rubber with similar filler loading found to be 2.48 MaP. The nanocomposite with optimal tensile strength exhibited a good filler dispersion in the natural rubber matrix, which was depicted by the field emission scanning electron microscopy images. The thermal degradation temperature of the vulcanized neat natural rubber composite was increased from 380℃ to 462℃ with 1 phr filler loading. The polymer modified multiwalled carbon nanotube improved the mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber, suggesting its potential as reinforcement filler in rubber indus...