Air Pollution Control Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

their support and initiative which helped .to insure the successful comple-t2on of this phase of the project.

2025

Kuwait is one of five nations located in the Gulf region characterized by arid-desert climate-extreme hot temperature and dust storms. Frequent dust events elevate fine (PM 2.5) and coarse (PM 10) particulate matter levels, posing various health risks. Using longitudinal data from 2021 to 2024, this study identifies and quantifies the impact of dust storms, blowing dust, and dust haze on fine and coarse particulate matter levels. Data is analyzed through a pooled OLS two-way fixed effects model to control for unobserved heterogeneity from longterm and seasonal effects. Meteorological variables and air pollutants are incorporated to account for their impacts. Results indicate that dust storms, while rare, have the strongest impact on elevating fine and coarse particulate matter levels. The relative impacts of blowing dust and dust haze differ, with dust haze playing a larger role in PM 2.5 pollution and blowing dust contributing more to PM 10 levels. These findings have important policy implications for air policy management and public health, emphasizing the need for dust control measures, climate adaptation strategies, and improved air pollution monitoring to mitigate health risks associated with high PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels in Kuwait.

2025, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

Page 1. SGS FORESTRY'S CARBON OFFSET VERIFICATION SERVICE1 Pedro Moura-Costa, Marc Stuart and Eveline Trines * * SGS Forestry, Oxford Centre for Innovation, Mill Street, Oxford OX2 OJX, UK. Phone: (44) 1865 202 345, Fax: (44) 1865... more

2025, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development

This study focuses on the purification and monitoring of indoor air pollution aided with UV light radiation intended for laboratory and lecture rooms in Bataan Peninsula State University. The developed air recirculation prototype utilizes Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) software with two air quality sensors namely, BME680 and PMS5003, which send signals to relay to control the purification and monitoring operations. As a monitoring device, the prototype is capable of displaying real time air quality measurements as well as pollutant concentrations. The measured data control the purification process which activates only at acceptable range of indoor air quality (IAQ) allowing the prototype to conserve energy. Two approaches on monitoring accuracy were done with respect to the distance of prototype sensors to the air quality tester. While for the effectiveness of purification process, a five-minute recalibration speed on smoke tests were conducted. This study aimed to...

2025, Journal IJETRM

The growing demand for sustainable construction materials has led to increased interest in geopolymer concrete (GPC) as a potential alternative to conventional Portland cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete, primarily synthesized from industrial by-products such as fly ash or slag, offers reduced carbon emissions and enhanced thermal and chemical resistance. This study investigates the influence of nano silica (NS) incorporation on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete. Nano silica, due to its high surface area and pozzolanic reactivity, is known to enhance the microstructure and densification of cementitious materials. Various dosages of nano silica were introduced into the geopolymer matrix to evaluate their effects on compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, along with durability characteristics such as resistance to acid attack, water absorption, and chloride ion penetration. The results indicate that optimal nano silica content significantly improves both mechanical performance and durability parameters, mainly through microstructural refinement, improved geopolymer gel formation, and reduced porosity. This study underscores the potential of nano silica as an effective additive to enhance the performance and sustainability of geopolymer concrete for advanced construction applications.

2025, Journal IJETRM

Sustainable alternatives to conventional concrete are required due to urbanization, construction waste, and ineffective water management. Although permeable concrete reduces pollutants, mitigates flooding, and replenishes groundwater, its low mechanical strength and clogging susceptibility prevent it from being widely used. Using the absolute volume method, this study creates nine porous concrete mixtures with different water/cement ratios (0.30-0.40), glass fibers (0.3-0.9%), and silica fume (2-6%). Portland cement, recycled coarse aggregate, and superplasticizers based on polycarboxylic acid made up the mixtures, which were assessed for compressive strength (GB/T50081-2002 at 7/28 days), permeability (CJJ/T135-2009), and porosity. While silica fume (4% dosage) improved matrix densification through pozzolanic reactivity, the water/cement ratio (optimal: 0.30) was found to be the most significant element for strength using orthogonal array design, ANOVA, and range analysis.Without sacrificing hydraulic performance, glass fibers (0.6%) increased toughness and crack resistance while maintaining pore connection to lower the danger of clogging. The optimized mix was suited for non-load-bearing applications (e.g., park pavements, walkways) because it achieved balanced strength, permeability, and durability (22% greater than traditional mixes). Glass fibers also served as micro-carriers for the creation of biofilms, which allowed for the filtering of pollutants and the purifying of rainwater. In line with sponge city and low-impact development (LID) objectives, this study shows how recycled aggregates, silica fume, and glass fibers can work in concert to create permeable concrete that offers a high-value recycling pathway for construction waste while promoting green urban infrastructure.

2025

This Final Report contains the test descriptions, results, analysis, correlations, theoretical descriptions, and model derivations produced from many different investigations performed on a project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, to investigate calcium-based sorbents and injection of oxidizing agents for the removal of mercury. Among the technologies were (a) calcium-based sorbents in general, (b) oxidant-additive sorbents developed originally at the EPA, and (c) optimized calcium/carbon synergism for mercury-removal enhancement. In addition, (d) sodium-tetrasulfide injection was found to effectively capture both forms of mercury across baghouses and ESPs, and has since been demonstrated at a slipstream treating PRB coal. It has been shown that sodium-tetrasulfide had little impact on the foam index of PRB flyash, which may indicate that sodium-tetrasulfide injection could be used at power plants without affecting flyash sales. Another technology, (e) coal blending, was shown to be an effective means of increasing mercury removal, by optimizing the concentration of calcium and carbon in the flyash. In addition to the investigation and validation of multiple mercury-control technologies (a through e above), important fundamental mechanism governing mercury kinetics in flue gas were elucidated. For example, it was shown, for the range of chorine and unburned-carbon (UBC) concentrations in coal-fired utilities, that chlorine has much less effect on mercury oxidation and removal than UBC in the flyash. Unburned carbon enhances mercury oxidation in the flue gas by reacting with HCl to form chlorinated-carbon sites, which then react with elemental mercury to form mercuric chloride, which subsequently desorbs back into the flue gas. Calcium was found to enhance mercury removal by stabilizing the oxidized mercury formed on carbon surfaces. Finally, a model was developed to describe these mercury adsorption, desorption, oxidation, and removal mechanisms, including the synergistic enhancement of mercury removal by calcium.

2025, Journal of Environmental Sciences-china

In India coal combustion is the single largest source of emission of mercury which is a widespread persistent global toxicant, travelling across international borders through air and water. As a party to the Minamata convention, India aims to monitor and reduce Hg emissions and stricter norms are introduced for mercury emissions from power plants (30 μg/Nm 3 for flue gas in stack). This paper presents the results obtained during the experimental studies performed on mercury emissions at four coal-fired and one lignite-fired power plants in India. The mercury concentration in the feed coal varied between 0.12-0.27 mg/Kg. In the mercury mass balance, significant proportion of feed coal mercury has been found to be associated with fly ash, whereas bottom ash contained very low mercury. 80%-90% of mercury was released to air through stack gas. However, for circulating fluidised bed boiler burning lignite, about 64.8% of feed mercury was found to get captured in the fly ash and only 32.4% was released to air. The mercury emission factor was found to lie in the range of 4.7-15.7 mg/GJ.

2025, Ecological Safety and Balanced Use of Resources

Роботу присвячено дослідженню впливу вугільних теплових електростанцій на стан довкілля. Проведено короткий аналіз наукових праць, присвячених дослідженню впливу теплових електростанцій на довкілля. Аналіз публікацій свідчить, що негативний вплив ТЕЦ на стан довкілля є досить складним, оскільки включає як забруднення атмосферного повітря газовими й аерозольними викидами, так і викиди теплової енергії в навколишнє середовище та забруднення ґрунту. Проаналізовано обсяги викидів забруднюючих речовин в атмосферне повітря Черкаської області підприємствами постачання електроенергії та динаміку комплексного індексу забруднення атмосфери, який показав, що за останні роки спостерігається тенденція стрімкого росту цього показника. За допомогою моделі картографічного зонування території міста за показником сумарного екологічного навантаження, який є індикатором аеротехногенного забруднення ландшафтів, виконане з використанням програмного пакету SURFER, визначено, що місто зазнає значного аерог...

2025

Airports, heliports, helistops and aircraft hangars shall be in accordance with this chapter. Regulations not specifically contained herein pertaining to airports, aircraft maintenance, aircraft hangars and appurtenant operations shall be in accordance with nationally recognized standards. 1101.3 Permits. For permits to operate aircraft-refueling vehicles, application of flammable or combustible finishes, and hot work, see Section 105.6. 1102.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, have the meanings shown herein. Any area used or intended for use for the parking, taxiing, takeoff, landing or other ground-based aircraft activity. AIRPORT. An area of land or structural surface that is used, or intended for use, for the landing and taking off of aircraft with an overall length greater than 39 feet (11 887 mm) and an overall exterior fuselage width greater than 6.6 feet (2012 mm), and any appurtenant areas that are used or intended for use for airport buildings and other airport facilities.

2025, Industrial Engineering & Management Systems

One of the major challenges in manufacturing systems is addressing bottlenecks. Managers and engineers strive to find methods to eliminate bottlenecks and reduce wait times in production lines. In this study, a simulation model of a manufacturing system was analyzed, focusing on bottlenecks and underutilized machinery. Validated simulation inputs were collected to build a model for optimizing the production line. The objective was to simulate the current production line to understand and analyze its bottlenecks and propose improvement solutions. The simulation model was developed using Arena software, revealing several bottleneck stations affecting production line efficiency. A model incorporating different parts of the production line and inventory management of cement was proposed to address this problem. Various improvement steps were analyzed using the simulation model to eliminate bottlenecks and enhance production line performance. As a result, the daily production capacity of the rotary kiln increased from 3699 to 8200 tons, more than doubling the current output.

2025, Bioresource Technology

The objective of this study was to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during composting of poultry litter. The natural zeolite, expanded perlite, pumice and expanded vermiculite as the natural materials were used for the reducing of VOCs. Composting was performed in a laboratory scale invessel composting plant. Poultry litter was composted for 100 d with volumetric ratio of natural materials:poultry litter of 1:10. The VOCs were tested using the FT-IR method by VOCs analyzer. Studies showed that VOCs generation was the greatest in the control treatment without any natural materials. The natural materials significantly reduced VOCs. At the end of the processes, removal efficiency was 79.73% for NZ treatment, 54.59% for EP treatment, 88.22% for P treatment and 61.53% for EV treatment. Potential of removal for VOCs on poultry litter matrix using natural materials was in order of: P > NZ > EV > EP.

2025, Journal IJETRM

A study on the assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions patterns of sellected hotels in Abuja, Nigeria was carried out. Two hotels were considered and categorized as Cases1 and Case 2 respectively. Four major emission sources: electricity; transportation; solid waste and cooking fuels were considered. Data on the sources were obtained using records from relevant departments, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. This data was analyzed and used for calculating the GHG emissions of the hotels using IPCC standard guidelines and formulae. The annual GHG emissions of the Case 1 was found to be 479.98 tCO2e, electricity usage (from grid and generators) represents 71.90% of the total emissions, emission from solid waste represents 18.23%, emissions from transportation and burning of fuels for cooking ranked third with 7.40% and fourth with 2.50% respectively. Also, the annual GHG emission of the Case 2 was found to be 384.40 tCO2e, electricity usage (from grid and generators) represents 71.73% of the total emissions, emission from solid waste represents 17.64%, emissions from transportation and burning of fuels for cooking ranked third with 7.76% and fourth with 2.87% of the total emission of the hotel respectively. The findings in both scenarios lead to consistent trends, with small deviations only, indicating that the scale of operation has negligible effect on proportions of emissions. Such stability highlights the merit of putting emphasis on energy management particularly the transition from fossil-fuel generators to clean alternatives as a front-line strategy in emissions reduction.. The results obtained could be used as a baseline for observing and controlling these emissions.

2025, TEKNIK PENGELASAN SMAW

Konsep atau Teknik cara pengelasan metode SMAW

2025, Atmospheric Environment

Megacities in Asia rank high in air pollution at the global scale. In many cities, ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) have been exceeding both the WHO interim targets as well as respective national air quality standards. This paper presents a systems analytical perspective on management options that could efficiently improve air quality at the urban scale, having Delhi as a case study. We employ the newly developed GAINS-City policy analysis framework, consisting of a bottom up emission calculation combined with atmospheric chemistry-transport calculation, to derive innovative insights into the current sources of pollution and their impacts on ambient PM 2.5 , both from emissions of primary PM as well as precursors of secondary inorganic and organic aerosols. We outline the likely future development of these sources, quantify the related ambient PM 2.5 concentrations and health impacts, and explore potential policy interventions that could effectively reduce environmental pollution and resulting health impacts in the coming years. The analysis demonstrates that effective improvement of Delhi's air quality requires collaboration with neighboring States and must involve sources that are less relevant in industrialized countries. At the same time, many of the policy interventions will have multiple co-benefits on development targets in Delhi and its neighboring States. Outcomes of this study, as well as the modelling tools used herein, are applicable to other urban areas and fast growing metropolitan zones in the emerging Asian regions.

2025

The need for integrated analysis of climate change and air pollution policies is widely acknowledged, often referred to as co-benefits. Much less is known, however, about how damages from climate change and damages from air pollution affect regional economies in the coming decades. This paper focuses on the economic consequences of both climate change and outdoor air pollution until 2060. We build a dynamic CGE model with a common methodology for evaluating the joint economic consequences of climate change and air pollution. We use a production function approach that specifies sectoral and regional climate and air pollution impacts on specific inputs into the economy. The modelling results highlight that despite significant climate forcing from various air pollutants, the net interaction effects through emission feedbacks are limited. Furthermore, the effect of climate damages on air pollution emissions and thus air pollution impacts, and the effect of air pollution damages on GHG emissions and thus climate damages are relatively small in comparison to the uncertainties surrounding the damage estimates. Although the effects of climate change play out over a longer time horizon than those of air pollution, the coming decades are projected to have significant economic repercussions from both. For both cases, the majority of damages are located in relatively fragile economies in Asia and Africa. The largest percentage losses are observed in agriculture, where both climate change and air pollution have significant adverse effects. Furthermore, in the most affected regions and sectors there is a small but positive interaction effect: the damages from both types of impacts together is smaller than the sum of individual damages. We finally quantify the non-market damages on premature deaths from heat stress and air pollution. These are not integrated in the modelling exercise, but their sheer size warrants that they are considered.

2025, International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences

This research meticulously examines the escalating air pollution crisis in Dhaka, Bangladesh, advocating for sophisticated monitoring and mitigation strategies. It comprehensively analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of key pollutants, including PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3, and CO, attributing their prevalence to diverse anthropogenic sources such as vehicular emissions, industrial activities (particularly brick production), construction aerosols, agricultural outgassing, and inefficient waste management. The paper elucidates the intricate seasonal fluctuations in pollutant concentrations and their profound health implications, ranging from acute cardiorespiratory morbidities to potential long-term neurological sequelae. A significant focus is placed on leveraging the transformative potential of cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) paradigms to transcend the limitations of conventional air quality control. The study evaluates the efficacy of advanced deep learning architectures, notably spatiotemporal Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with attention mechanisms and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), for achieving highly accurate air quality monitoring and predictive forecasting. Furthermore, it investigates state-of-the-art Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks, such as SHAP, to provide critical insights into pollutant source attribution, enhancing interpretability. The integration of real-time, high-fidelity data streams from remote sensing platforms and cost-effective sensor networks into AI-driven analytical pipelines is emphasized. The research candidly addresses the inherent scientific and technical challenges associated with deploying advanced AI/ML models, including the development of physically informed neural networks (PINNs) for superior interpretability, the effective management of data heterogeneity and biases, and robust uncertainty quantification through Bayesian techniques. Ultimately, this paper proposes a rigorous, data-driven, and scientifically grounded roadmap for developing next-generation, adaptive air quality management systems for Dhaka City. By seamlessly combining AI/ML capabilities with established environmental science principles, the objective is to forge innovative solutions that facilitate precise predictions, enable proactive responses, and significantly advance public health outcomes in the face of this pervasive environmental threat.

2025, Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology

Samples of fresh cassava effluent, cassava effluent polluted soil and unpolluted soil were collected during the rainy season to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in Aba, Abia State. The physical and chemical parameters of the untreated cassava mill effluent, untreated cassava mill effluent-polluted soil and unpolluted soil were determined using standard laboratory methods. It was observed that addition of cassava mill effluent to the soil resulted to changes in the physicochemical parameters. The cyanide content, conductivity, turbidity, moisture content, TDS, TSS, TS, total acidity, total alkalinity, total chloride, and magnesium were higher in the contaminated soil samples than the unpolluted soil. The values of pH, Total hardness, calcium hardness, phosphorus, organic carbon, COD and BOD of the contaminated soil samples were lower than those of the unpolluted soil due to high content of hydrogen cyanide present in the contaminated soil. The hi...

2025

The widely used herbicide, dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D-DMA), is usually prepared by mixing a dimethylamine (DMA) aque-ous solution with a solid 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). The vapors of the both, reactants and products, are potentially hazardous for the environ-ment. The contribution of DMA vapors in overall pollution from this process is most significant, concerning vapor pressures data of these pollutants. There-fore, the control of the air pollution in the manufacture and handling of me-thylamines is very important. Within this paper, the optimal air pollution control system in preparation of 2,4-D-DMA was developed for the pesticides manu-facturing industry. This study employed the simple pollution prevention concept to reduce the emission of DMA vapors at the source. The investigations were performed on the pilot plant scale. To reduce the emission of DMA vapors, the effluent gases from the herbicide preparation zone were passed thr...

2025

One of the consequences of the human impact on the atmosphere is increasing in tropospheric ozone concentration, with the highest ozone level being observed in industrially developed and highly populated regions of the world. In these regions, main anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are concentrated. The oxidation of these compounds, when interacting with hydroxyl and nitrogen oxides at rather high temperature and sunlight, leads to ozone formation. CO and CH4 are slowly oxidized in the atmosphere and cause an increase in global and regional background ozone. However, the oxidation of some VOCs occurs during daylight hours and is accompanied by an increase in ozone concentration near VOCs sources, particularly in urban and industrial areas. The contribution of biogenic VOCs to ozone generation is estimated to be from 40 to 70% of the total contribution of all chemical ozone precursors in the troposphere [1], with isopre...

2025, West European Politics

During the 1980s a wave of environmental concern swept across Europe, in some cases posing fundamental challenges to the dominant party system, as in Germany, and in other cases, as in Britain, leading governments to introduce expensive,... more

2025, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

The EPA has designed a new call auction institution for trading allowances to emit sulfur dioxide. This paper reports twelve laboratory markets that investigate trader behavior in this new institution and evaluate its performance relative to the more commonly observed uniform price call market. We find that the uniform price call market (1) is more efficient, (2) induces more truthful revelation of underlying values and costs, (3) provides more accurate price information, and (4) is more responsive to and recovers more quickly from changes in underlying market conditions. All of these differences result from the intense strategic manipulation incentives of the EPA auction. Under -the EPA auction rules both buyers and sellers misrepresent their true value of the emission permits, which biases market-clearing prices downwards. This suggests that the EPA auction will provide poor price signals to the evolving allowance market.

2025, Energy Reports

This study investigated the impact of dust samples from Romania on small-scale silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) devices through field and laboratory experiments. Nonhomogeneous layers of natural dust were intentionally applied to the surfaces of three crystalline and amorphous silicon mini units, with dust film depth measured using an ultrasonic coating thickness gauge. Indoor testing employed a Xenon solar simulator. Key findings reveal significant deterioration in PV electrical characteristics, with maximum losses of 45.35% and 38.14% in maximum power and short-circuit current under outdoor conditions. Indoors, maximum losses were 32.02% and 33.38% for the same parameters. Temperature increases were a maximum of 2.3 • C outdoors and 0.9 • C indoors at the back surface and 3.7 • C and 1.3 • C at the front surface, respectively. The back surface proved to be a better thermal representative due to lower randomness in measured temperature values. Field experiments demonstrated greater reliability than laboratory ones despite using professional equipment. The lack of standardized indoor testing practices is believed to contribute to this discrepancy. The significance of this study lies in updating the literature with experimental studies simulating a relatively extreme condition involving dust thickness densities of 0.01936 and 0.02287 µm mm-2. This scenario is not precluded from occurring in Europe with the escalating impacts of climate change.

2025, Solar Energy

The known standard equations that describe the physics of light converting into electricity inside a photovoltaic (PV) cell do not necessarily comprise the different operating environments' effects. The scientists investigated several environmental factors that would influence the performance of solar sheets. Sometimes, some of them clarified these factors' significance by using numerical simulations, analytical modeling (i.e., deriving correlations), or even changing the existing PV equations by including a parameter or term that defines the designated factor's role. The accumulation of dust on the PV surfaces is one of the operational environmental factors leading to significantly reduced performance. Technically, the dust gathering results in shading, which must change, at least in theory, the current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) curves of the solar PV cell or module concerned. In the current review, we summarized the authors' work that models the impact of buildup of dust particles and otherwise on the PV installations, each from a distinct perspective. We also ensured that the review holds the mathematical add-ons and alterations made to the underlying PV model to characterize the effect of interest.

2025, Bioresource Technology

2025, MSc Dissertation

Green infrastructure (GI) has emerged as a nature-based solution for air pollution control. However, the mechanisms and extent to which different GI can reduce air pollution remain inconclusive. This study aims to investigate the impact... more

2025

This patent describes a method and apparatus for enhancing the weldment of a laser welding system. The laser weld plume control device includes a cylindrical body defining an upside-down cone cavity; the upper surface of the body circumscribes the base of the cone cavity, and the vertex of the cone cavity forms an orifice concentrically located with respect to the

2025, Forschung im Ingenieurwesen

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the use of liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) as a secondary fuel Jbr a Ricardo E-6, naturally aspirated, four-stroke diesel engine having a turbulence combustion chamber (indirect injection). The gaseous LPG is introduced together with the aspirated air (fumigation) at various proportions with respect to the diesel fuel which constitutes the main part. The influence of fuel feed ratios (LPG/diesel), in a vast range of loads, on fuel consumption, pressure diagrams, exhaust smokiness and exhaust gas emissions (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) is investigated, the baseline being the single diesel fuel operation. The study Jor this type of engine, which has not being reported in the literature, shows a promise of the present method and reveals that above 60 per cent of maximum load the whole eJfect is beneficial concerning specific fuel consumption and smoke reduction. The examination of gaseous pollutant levels shows an involved relation with respect to load and juel proportions. The best results (coupled to acceptable cylinder pressure levels) is obtained at a diesel Jir substitution value of 75 % of maximum load, with an LPG mass fraction in the range 10 to 15 ,,~ o.

2025, Data in Brief

Understanding and predicting CO2 emissions from individual power plants is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. This study analyzes and forecasts CO2 emissions from an engine-based natural gas-fired power plant in Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ), Bangladesh. This study also presents a rich dataset and ELM-based prediction model for a natural gas-fired plant in Bangladesh. Utilizing a rich dataset of Electricity generation and Gas Consumption, CO2 emissions in tons are estimated based on the measured energy use, and the ELM models were trained on CO2 emissions data from January 2015 to December 2022 and used to forecast CO2 emissions until December 2026. This study aims to improve the understanding and prediction of CO2 emissions from natural gas-fired power plants. While the specific operational strategy of the studied plant is not available, the provided data can serve as a valuable baseline or benchmark for comparison with similar facilities and the development of future research on optimizing operations and CO2 mitigation strategies. The Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) modeling method was employed due to its efficiency and accuracy in prediction. The ELM models achieved performance metrics Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE), values respectively 3494.46 (<5000), 2013.42 (<2500), and 0.93 close to 1, which falls within the acceptable range. Although natural gas is a cleaner alternative, emission reduction remains essential. This data-driven approach using a Bangladeshi case study provides a replicable framework for optimizing plant operations and measuring and forecasting CO2 emissions from similar facilities, contributing to global climate change.

2025

Extreme climate events such as heavy rain and drought occur frequently over Ethiopia because of natural and man-made phenomena, even though modeling based on vertical wind shear (VWS) to regulate aerosol for cloud formation is quite useful for accurate estimation of climate extremes. However, there are no previous studies of flood and drought based on aerosol and wind shear in Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper is aimed at modeling the impact of wind shear on aerosol for flood prevention and drought monitoring over Ethiopia. To this end, the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) reanalysis and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from 2000 to 2019 (20 years) are analyzed. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent (AE) models are applied to estimate aerosol concentration and sizes. The results indicated that the mean values of VWS for two seasons, spring and summer, were 0.5 (pa/s) and 0.3 (pa/s), respectively. The strong VWS negatively correlated to cloud cover and led to drought occurrences, whereas aerosol and cloud cover were positively correlated during weak VWS at the small-size aerosol. Owing to this, moderate VWS and high AOD lead to the occurrence of floods in Ethiopia. Moreover, the southwest and northwest parts of Ethiopia are covered with strong clouds due to the availability of atmospheric moisture and the local aerosol. In summer, most parts of Ethiopia are covered by strong cloud because of weak VWS and smoke aerosols. In the Ethiopian context, there is very small fin anthropogenic aerosol during the study period, while 5% and 1% of mixed aerosol are found during spring and summer seasons respectively. Besides this, 93% and 99% of dust aerosols are found during the spring and summer seasons, respectively. Hence, future study is quite useful to forecast the long-term climate by consideration of VWS on the regulation of aerosol to cloud formation for drought monitoring over Ethiopia.

2025, Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Tropical monsoon countries like Bangladesh have experienced erratic spatiotemporal rainfall distribution, heavy rainfall,
and extensive erosion in recent decades. The erosive nature of the soil in the country poses a serious ecological problem.
However, there is a lack of studies on the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity and precipitation concentration
trends in Bangladesh. This study intends to investigate the Rainfall erosivity over the past three decades in Bangladesh.
Using the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and the Modified Fournier Index (MFI), this study attempted to demonstrate precipitation concentration and erosivity distribution during 1991–2020. The PCI and MFI indices were calculated
using monthly precipitation records from 30 observatories nationwide. PCI values ranged between 15.43% and 21.04%,
indicating substantial irregularity in rainfall across Bangladesh, while the MFI value higher than 98 shows a very high
erosion capacity of rainfall in a shorter period. The mean annual rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) found 865 MJ mm
ha− 1 hr−1 y−1 with a range of 711.89–1019.97 MJ mm ha−1 hr−1 y−1, suggesting moderate to higher erosivity potential in
annual rainfall. All the stations exhibited higher erosivity values in monsoon (597.673–902.893 MJ mm ha− 1 hr− 1 y− 1),
followed by pre-monsoon (325.779–436.599 MJ mm ha−1 hr−1 y−1) and post-monsoon (166.67–241.52 MJ mm ha− 1 hr− 1
y−1). Higher rainfall erosivity is concentrated in Bangladesh’s mid-central to northeastern region, while the southwest,
northeast, and southeastern areas are at higher risk of monsoon rainfall erosivity. Though decreasing trends in annual
rainfall erosivity were observed in 26 stations, monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall erosivity showed an increasing trend
in 19 and 8 stations, respectively. The outcome of the current study is expected to help address the challenges of climate
change and sustainable development issues in Bangladesh and similar climate-vulnerable countries around the world.

2025

Biochemical markers and indices indicate plant tolerance and sensitivity to air pollution. • Resilient plant like M. nigra, P. orientalis, and A. altissimaimprove air quality in polluted urban areas. • Indices (BCF, CBCI, MAI) compared heavy metals bioaccumulation. • Heavy metal levels in tree leaves vary greatly by species and are influenced by the characteristcs of the sampling site.

2025

Industrial utilization of fly ash from pulverized coal combustion plays an important role in environmentally clean and cost effective power generation. Today, the primary market for fly ash utilization is as pozzolanic additive in the production of concrete. However, the residual carbon in fly ash can adsorb the air entraining admixtures (AEAs) added to enhance air entrainment in concrete in order to increase its workability and resistance toward freezing and thawing conditions. The problem has increased with implementation of low-NO x combustion technologies. The present thesis concerns three areas of importance within this field: 1) testing of fly ash adsorption behavior; 2) the influence of fuel type and combustion conditions on the ash adsorption behavior including full-scale experiments at the power plant Nordjyllandsvaerket, unit 3; 3) post treatment of fly ash to lower its AEA adsorptivity. The foam index test is the method usually employed to determine the degree of fly ash interference with AEAs in concrete. The test involves the use of commercial AEAs and visual observation of foam stability. These facts reduce the reproducibility of the test, because commercially available AEAs vary in strength, and the criteria for foam stability are operator dependent. The objectives were to develop a new method based on dynamic surface tension measurements, using the bubble pressure method, on filtrate from a fly ash and cement suspension. A pure surfactant was added to the suspension as a substitute for a commercial AEA. The new method and the foam index test have been compared on fly ashes acquired from power plants in Denmark and the U.S. The results revealed a good relationship between the two methods. However, the new method has a low sensitivity toward small variations in AEA adsorption between different fly ashes and it requires further work before a finished procedure is accomplished. Finally, it was shown that changes in temperature affect both test methods. Pulverized fuel has been combusted in an entrained flow reactor to test the impact of changes in operating conditions and fuel type on the AEA adsorption of ash and NO x formation. Increased oxidizing conditions, obtained by improved fuel-air mixing or higher excess air, decreased the AEA iii introduction to the field is given in chapter 1. Chapter 2 presents the effort towards the development of an alternative method for determination the AEA adsorption of fly ash. Chapter 3 deals with combustion experiments performed on an entrained flow reactor with the aim of testing the influence of operating conditions and fuel type on the AEA adsorptivity of the ash. The work has given rise to full-scale tests at Nordjyllandsvaerket, which is presented in chapter 4. Chapter 5 concerns the work of exposing fly ash to ozone that lowers its negative effect on air entrainment in concrete. Each chapter can be read separately, but it is recommended to start with chapter 1 in order for the reader to acquire a general introduction to the field. Chapter

2025, ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development

The introduction highlights the challenges of air pollution from construction activities on a site in Lagos Island, Nigeria, emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies to assess air pollution levels and evaluate its implications for public health and environmental quality. The methodology outlines the monthly data collection process, using the Earth Sense Zephyr (equipped with electrochemical detectors for gases) to measure CO, NO, NO₂, O₃, and Optical light scattering for particles) to measure PM₂.₅, and PM₁₀, and the ARA n-FRM Sampler for additional data collection on PM₂.₅, and PM₁₀. The study found that CO, NO, and NO₂ levels were influenced by construction activities, vehicle emissions and industrial sources, with notable peaks in CO and NO concentrations during specific months. Ozone levels remained consistently low, likely due to the "titration effect," while particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀) showed significant seasonal variation, peaking during the dry season due to construction dust and dry weather conditions. The findings underscore the need for stringent regulatory measures and effective dust control practices, particularly during periods of increased construction activity and dry weather, to mitigate air pollution and protect public health. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of air pollution from a typical construction site in Lagos Island, emphasizing the urgency of sustainable interventions to safeguard public health and environmental integrity. The study proposes enhanced monitoring and surveillance, stringent regulatory measures, promotion of sustainable construction practices, and public awareness and education, to address the challenges associated with construction-related air pollution on Lagos Island.

2025, AGU Spring …

Results of VOCs speciation from industrial steam boiler stacks located in Naucalpan are presented and discussed. This municipality is located north of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico (MZVM). Speciation of VOCs is important to generate information about sources of pollution, to update emission inventories, to study the dynamics of pollutants in the atmosphere, and to estimate possible risks of population exposure. This information is valuable for decision making on air pollution control strategies. Samples from 35 steam boilers form industries burning Diesel, LPG, or CNG were taken using the US-EPA Method 18. Selected samples from the use of different fuels were analyzed using gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) according to US-EPA protocol TO-14. The VOCs analyzed included alkanes of 9 carbons or less, alkenes of 7 carbons or less and aromatics (families of benzene). The results show consistency on the VOCs detected on Diesel samples. The main compounds found were 1-Butene+iButylene, m/p-Xylene, Ethane, Propene, Propane, Acetylene, 2Me-1Butene, and Toluene. The average concentrations of these compounds were in the range of 130 to 385 ppbC. The results of LPG samples did not show a definite pattern of VOCs, although light components predominate and, in some samples, Toluene and Xylene. These last components were not expected for industries reporting the use of LPG, perhaps due to the use of a combination of fuels and mistakes in the reports of fuel used at the time of sampling. The analysis of CNG samples show predominance of light VOCs, in the range of 90 to 300 ppbC. As in the case of LPG, some aromatics showed high concentrations in some samples analyzed perhaps due to the use of different fuels in the boiler. The results of this study are the first results of VOCs speciation obtained form exhaust gases from stacks of Mexican industries. The data reported are valuable to analyze emission inventories of VOCs and to better understand the dynamics of pollutants in the MZVM.

2025, Fuel Processing Technology

The Air Quality III Conference on Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter was held September 9 -12, 2002, in Arlington, Virginia. Over 400 participants from 185 organizations representing 15 countries and 36 states attended, bringing together leaders from research, industry, and government to address air quality issues concerning health and ecosystems, emission prevention and control, measurement methods, and atmospheric reactions and modeling. This conference series, which is next held in September 2003, examines the ways in which scientific research and technology development drive the development of control technologies that define the limits of achievable regulation. The following is an overview of mercury and particulate issues discussed at the Air Quality III Conference.

2025

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their empfoyees, make any warranty, express or impbed, or assumes any legal liability or responsiity for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, produd, or p r o ~s s disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privateiy owned rights. Reference herein toany SpedficCOmmeraiai product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufadurer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, r e c o m * n, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not mcesarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency tbereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

2025

Wildfires, intensified by climate change, have a significant impact on air quality, particularly by
increasing the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), which pose serious
health risks. These extreme events contribute to air pollution, affecting both ecosystems and
exposed populations, especially vulnerable groups such as individuals with respiratory
conditions.
This article explores the link between wildfires and air pollution, highlighting their impact on
public health and the environment. It also discusses innovative air quality monitoring solutions,
such as the "SpotFire" and "Drop of air" projects, which leverage advanced IoT technologies for
wildfire detection and fine particulate emission monitoring. These systems enable a rapid
response to fires and help protect community health while providing essential data for emission
reduction and environmental risk management.
The article emphasizes the importance of implementing effective monitoring solutions and
fostering collaboration between authorities and environmental organizations to safeguard public
health and prevent the devastating effects of wildfires on air quality.

2025

In recent decades, air pollution has become an increasingly pressing issue, drawing the attention of authorities, scientists, and the general public. Among the most dangerous atmospheric pollutants are fine particles, known as PM2.5 and PM10, which are microscopic in size, imperceptible to the human eye, yet extremely harmful to both health and the environment.
Additionally, the heatwaves of the past two weeks have contributed to increased atmospheric pressure, creating a stagnant air layer above the ground that can become toxic. In this alarming context of PM2.5 and PM10 particle pollution, the present study provides a comparative analysis of air quality in three of Romania’s most important urban centers: Cluj-
Napoca, Bucharest, and Iași (2023). These cities offer insight into the dynamics of urban pollution and its impact on the health of residents and the surrounding environment. The air quality we breathe is influenced by a multitude of factors, but three of the most significant are weather conditions, geographical location, and human activities. Understanding
how these factors interact can help us identify and mitigate sources of air pollution. This study will focus particularly on human activities responsible for urban air pollution resulting from various daily activities: The burning of fossil fuels for transportation, heating, and electricity production releases a wide range of pollutants into the air, including fine particles, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Heavy industries, agriculture, and even household activities such as the use of solvents and paints also contribute to air pollution. Improving industrial practices, adopting clean technologies, and promoting environmentally friendly means of transport are essential for reducing the impact of human activities on air quality

2025, Aerosol Science and Engineering

The high rate of urbanization, vegetation destruction, and high vehicle congestion in Tehran Metropolitan Area, Iran are speeding up the accumulation rate of air pollutants. Although several studies on air pollution, a comprehensive study on daily temporal and clustering pattern in urban districts’ pollutants for sustainability remains missing. We aim to fill this research gap by analyzing pollutants in place and time in the urban districts of Tehran. This study’s novelty lies in its approach to understanding of the air pollution dynamics using Sentinel-5P satellite data and the application of advanced spatial statistical techniques. Using coding in the GEE environment, concentrations of 2022 pollutants such as CO, NO2, SO2, O3, and AI (aerosol index) were extracted from the satellite. For the first time, the daily temporal patterns of the main pollutants in Tehran were examined to identify the causes of one of the most polluted years. High values of CO and NO₂ prevail in the first and last quarters of the year due to increased traffic as schools reopen. In addition, Moran’s I associated with global autocorrelation analysis from all pollutant values was above 0.9, indicating a cluster-like spatial distribution pattern. The LISA analysis identified the locations of clustering pollutants at urban area level. Of all the pollutants studied in Tehran, particulate matter had the highest number of clusters, 282 HH clusters, amounting to a total of 483. A knowledge of these hotspots of pollution and the potential sources of emissions will capable urban planners in taking appropriate actions.

2025, European Journal of Operational Research

In this paper a two-stage game of international environmental agreement formation with asymmetric countries is analytically solved. The equilibrium of the game makes it possible to determine the size and composition of a stable agreement. Two cases are studied. In the first case, countries differ only in abatement costs, while in the second case, they differ in environmental damages. In both cases, two different institutional settings, one without transfers and another with transfers, are considered. The results establish that the asymmetry assumption has no important effects on the scope of cooperation in comparison with the symmetric case if transfers are not used or abatement costs represent the only difference among countries. However, when the only difference is in environmental damages, the level of cooperation that can be bought through a self-financed transfer scheme increases with the degree of asymmetry.

2025, Article

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), emitted in animal farms, were measured in this study for 84 days. To reduce precursor VOC emission, poultry litter were covered with nanomaterial (graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon, activated carbon, and graphite) as daily cover. The adsorbent material performances between the cabinets were compared statistically using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H and Wilcoxon tests. It was concluded that a decrease in pollutant emission was observed when adding carbon nanotubes. Different materials did not cause a difference in pollutant release between benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene.

2025, Environmental Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

The purpose of the paper is to find out the approach to assess the impact of transport ways and crossroads on the air basin of the city of Lviv.
The specifics of the distribution of traffic flows, their composition and intensity were studied in the spring-summer period in different districts of the city of Lviv at the crossroads of Lychakivska - Pasichna, Chornovola - Lypinsky, Zelena - Pasichna, and Stryyska - Naukova streets. The total mass emissions of pollutants from motor vehicles were calculated for each crossroads. The shaping of temporary quasi-stationary "formation" of cars with running engines standing in line to cross the crossroads was observed during "rush" hours. The dimensions of this "formation" are determined by the length of the queue on each street adjacent to the crossroads and the width of the carriageway of the streets. Such "formations" have their own unique mode of operation, which is determined by the duration of "rush" hours (an average of 6 hours per day). Taking this into account one can consider such a "formation" as a complex of quasi-stationary sources of emissions of pollutants, the number of which is equal to the number of cars at the crossroads. Therefore, in terms of its impact on the atmosphere, it can be equated to an industrial enterprise, for which the width of the sanitary protection zone is established based on the hazard class.
If the queue of cars on each street adjacent to the intersection as a component of the "formation" is considered as a group of approximately identical equidistant point sources that retain their spatial coordinates for a certain time, have the shape of a line and a certain size, then its impact on atmospheric air may be modeled as a stationary line emitting source.
In order to assess the impact of transport ways and crossroads on the air basin of the city the environmental hazard levels (EHL) and the hazard category of object are determined for each crossroads and corresponding sizes of sanitary protection zones are proposed on the basis of the calculated values of pollutants mass emissions from motor vehicles, as well as the hazard class of each substance and its ambient air quality standard concentration. The levels and scale of crossroad impact on ambient air are determined by the modelling of the atmospheric dispersion of automobile effluents. In the case of crossroads the sanitary-protective zone delineates a buffer zone from the crossroads to the residential buildings. The sanitary-protective zone size (width) is a field for planning solutions regarding the organization of traffic flows and the building strategy, the space zoning in the vicinity of the crossroads. With the respect to the level of ecological danger all studied crossroads of city of Lviv can be equated to the industrial enterprise of the second category of danger with a sanitary-protective zone of 500 m. The results of computer modelling of the dispersion of vehicle emissions at crossroads at rush hours indicate extremely high values of ground-level concentrations of the main pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, oxide, hydrocarbons at the levels which overcome the ambient air quality standards up to 10 times. The zone of ambient air impact of crossroads may expand from predefined 500 м up to 800 - 2250 m and cover an area about 1-10 km2 depending on the traffic load. In view of this, the proposed approaches to assessing the ambient air impact of crossroads in urban areas on the basis of the determination of environmental hazard level and the prediction of ambient concentrations of pollutants and their distribution distances may introduce significant sanitary restrictions into the planning structure of the city. KEY WORDS: intensity of traffic flow, atmospheric air pollution, level of ecological hazard, sanitary-protective zone, modelling of air pollutant dispersion, ground-level concentration.

2025

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2025, SAZ ENVIRO

Cyanide gas emissions, primarily in the form of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), present significant environmental and occupational hazards, particularly in industries such as metal plating, mining, and chemical manufacturing. Wet scrubbing remains a widely adopted abatement technique for removing HCN from industrial exhaust gases. This paper explores the efficiency of wet scrubbers in neutralizing cyanide fumes, focusing on the chemistry of scrubbing reactions and comparing 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 2 several neutralizing agents, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H O), 2 0 8 4 sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO). Based on efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and ease of use, this study recommends sodium hypochlorite as the most effective general-purpose neutralizer for cyanide scrubbing. The findings are supported by published scientific research and industry guidelines.

2025, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

The paper considers nonrenewable resource extraction in a situation where the resource buyers have formed a government which applies emission taxation for slowing pollution accumulation and the sellers are competitive or a resource cartel. The noncompetitive situation is studied as a Stackelberg differential game which the cartel leads. It is first assumed that extraction costs do not depend on the resource stock level and that the pollution stock does not decay. In the time-consistent and Markov-perfect equilibrium the sellers' monopoly power vanishes asymptotically. The sellers' market power reduces the buyers' emission tax at each point in time. In the Stackelberg equilibrium the emission tax is below the marginal present value of pollution damage. If pollution decays and extraction costs depend on the resource stock level, buyers have monopsony power and the ability of sellers to receive emission tax revenues is weakened. When the rate of pollution decay is high the producer price falls below the Pareto optimal level.